Table 3.
The descriptives statistics of MFA and PPD, and the comparisons between the smokers who quit and the persistent smokers
| Between-groups difference | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 354 | N = 255 | |||||||
| n | Mean(SD) | Median(range) | n | Mean(SD) | Median(range) | pa | r | |
| 24 gwks | ||||||||
| MFAS | 257 | 88.6 (10.0) | 88 (57-113) | 152 | 87.0 (10.0) | 87 (44-112) | 0.102 | 0.08 |
| Role taking | 258 | 16.6 (2.7) | 17 (8-20) | 152 | 16.7 (2.6) | 17 (7-20) | 0.237 | 0.06 |
| Differentiation | 258 | 15.7 (2.4) | 16 (9-20) | 152 | 15.6 (2.3) | 16 (7-20) | 0.644 | 0.02 |
| Interacting | 258 | 17.1 (3.1) | 17 (8-24) | 152 | 17.0 (2.9) | 17 (9-24) | 0.574 | 0.03 |
| Attributing | 257 | 19.1 (3.2) | 19 (11-29) | 152 | 19.0 (3.2) | 19.0 (11-29) | 0.773 | 0.01 |
| Giving | 258 | 19.8 (2.4) | 20 (13-25) | 152 | 18.8 (2.6) | 19 (8-25) | <0.001** | 0.18 |
| EPDS | 256 | 5.6 (4.1) | 5 (0-20) | 152 | 6.8 (4.5) | 6 (0-23) | 0.006** | 0.14 |
| SCL-90 Anxiety | 256 | 4.3 (4.5) | 3 (0-24) | 152 | 5.4 (4.7) | 4 (0-20) | 0.007** | 0.13 |
| 34 gwks | ||||||||
| MFAS | 236 | 93.9 (9.7) | 93 (67-115) | 137 | 91.8 (10.9) | 91 (55-117) | 0.093 | 0.09 |
| Role taking | 236 | 17.3 (2.5) | 18 (8-20) | 138 | 17.0 (2.5) | 17 (8-20) | 0.136 | 0.08 |
| Differentiation | 236 | 16.2 (2.3) | 16 (10-20) | 138 | 16.1 (2.2) | 16 (10-20) | 0.883 | 0.01 |
| Interacting | 236 | 18.5 (2.7) | 19 (12-25) | 138 | 18.4 (3.0) | 18 (10-25) | 0.555 | 0.03 |
| Attributing | 236 | 21.9 (3.3) | 22 (12-28) | 137 | 21.6 (3.7) | 22 (12-30) | 0.542 | 0.03 |
| Giving | 236 | 20.1 (2.5) | 20 (12-25) | 138 | 18.8 (2.5) | 18 (10-25) | <0.001** | 0.26 |
| EPDS | 235 | 5.4 (4.2) | 5 (0-20) | 138 | 6.8 (4.9) | 6 (0-23) | 0.007** | 0.14 |
| SCL-90 Anxiety | 235 | 3.5 (4.5) | 2 (0-33) | 139 | 4.5 (4.7) | 3 (0-26) | 0.016* | 0.12 |
| n/N | % | n/N | % | χ2p | Cramer’s ϕ | |||
| 24 gwks EPDS≥10 | 36/256 | 14.1% | 37/152 | 24.3% | 0.009** | 0.13 | ||
| 34 gwks EPDS≥10 | 42/235 | 17.9% | 42/138 | 30.4% | 0.005** | 0.15 | ||
The estimates are based on the original data, not the imputed dataset
Attrition in the MFAS questionnaire responses was higher among the persistent smokers in comparison with the women who quit smoking during pregnancy (24gwks: 40.9% vs. 26.0, χ2 = 14.5, p < 0.001; 34 gwks: 46.8% vs. 29.6%, χ2 = 18.2, p < 0.001, respectively)
MFAS Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale and the subscales of Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale: Role taking, Differentiation Differentiation of self from fetus, Interacting Interacting with the fetus, Attributing Attributing characteristics to the fetus and Giving Giving of self, EPDS Edinburgh (Pre) Postnatal Depression Scale, SCL-90 Anxiety Symptom Checklist -90, the Anxiety Subscale
* p-value <.05, **p-value <.01
a Mann-Whitney U test