Table 4.
The results from the logistic regression models estimating the association between MFA and smoking at any time during pregnancy and the interaction effects MFAS × Education [low, middle, high] and MFAS × PPD on smoking at any time during pregnancy
| Smoking at any time during pregnancy | Smoking at any time during pregnancy | Smoking at any time during pregnancy | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | S.E | p | adj. p | aOR | 95% CI | β | S.E | p | adj. p | aOR | 95% CI | β | S.E | p | adj. p | aOR | 95% CI | |
| Intercept | -0.61 | 0.70 | 0.384 | 0.55 | 0.14-2.14 | -0.73 | 0.91 | 0.424 | 0.48 | 0.08-2.88 | -1.18 | 0.82 | 0.150 | 0.31 | 0.06-1.53 | |||
| MFAS 24 gwks | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.937 | 1.000 | 1.00 | 0.99-1.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.832 | 1.00 | 0.99-1.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.364 | 1.01 | 0.99-1.02 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref | Ref. | |||||||||||||||
| Middle | -1.23 | 0.15 | <0.001** | 0.29 | 0.22-0.39 | -1.23 | 0.15 | <0.001** | 0.29 | 0.22-0.39 | 1.36 | 1.16 | 0.242 | 3.89 | 0.40-37.84 | |||
| High | -1.76 | 0.17 | <0.001** | 0.17 | 0.12-0.24 | -1.76 | 0.17 | <0.001** | 0.17 | 0.12-0.24 | -2.29 | 1.38 | 0.099 | 0.10 | 0.01-1.56 | |||
| EPDS | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.004** | 1.05 | 1.02-1.09 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.463 | 1.07 | 0.89-1.30 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.004** | 1.05 | 1.02-1.09 | |||
| SCL-90 Anxiety | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.854 | 1.00 | 0.97-1.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.860 | 1.00 | 0.97-1.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.854 | 1.00 | 0.97-1.03 | |||
| MFAS × EPDS | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.834 | 1.000 | 1.00 | 1.00-1.00 | ||||||||||||
| MFAS × Education low | Ref. | |||||||||||||||||
| MFAS × Education middle | -0.03 | 0.01 | 0.026* | 0.137 | 0.97 | 0.95-0.996 | ||||||||||||
| MFAS × Education high | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.698 | 1.000 | 1.01 | 0.98-1.04 | ||||||||||||
| Intercept | -0.83 | 0.72 | 0.251 | 0.44 | 0.11-1.79 | -0.96 | 0.96 | 0.314 | 0.38 | 0.06-2.50 | -1.25 | 0.85 | 0.138 | 0.29 | 0.05-1.50 | |||
| MFAS 34 gwks | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.595 | 1.000 | 1.00 | 0.99-1.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.610 | 1.01 | 0.99-1.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.312 | 1.01 | 0.99-1.02 | ||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||||||||||||
| Middle | -1.26 | 0.15 | <0.001** | 0.28 | 0.21-0.38 | -1.27 | 0.15 | <0.001** | 0.28 | 0.21-0.38 | 1.22 | 1.29 | 0.345 | 3.38 | 0.27-42.51 | |||
| High | -1.76 | 0.17 | <0.001** | 0.17 | 0.12-0.24 | -1.76 | 0.17 | <0.001** | 0.17 | 0.12-0.24 | -2.70 | 1.54 | 0.080 | 0.07 | 0.00-1.38 | |||
| EPDS | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.002** | 1.06 | 1.02-1.09 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.476 | 1.08 | 0.87-1.34 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.002** | 1.06 | 1.02-1.09 | |||
| SCL-90 Anxiety | -0.02 | 0.02 | 0.191 | 0.98 | 0.94-1.01 | -0.02 | 0.02 | 0.192 | 0.98 | 0.95-1.01 | -0.02 | 0.02 | 0.209 | 0.98 | 0.95-1.01 | |||
| MFAS × EPDS | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.832 | 1.000 | 1.00 | 1.00-1.00 | ||||||||||||
| MFAS × Education low | Ref. | |||||||||||||||||
| MFAS × Education middle | -0.03 | 0.01 | 0.054 | 0.284 | 0.97 | 0.95.1.00 | ||||||||||||
| MFAS ×Education high | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.538 | 1.000 | 1.01 | 0.98-1.04 | ||||||||||||
The estimates are based on the multiple imputed data. At 24th gestational weeks, N = 2858. At 34th gestational weeks, N = 2858
The binary logistic regression models are controlled for maternal age, education, single parenthood, parity and concurrent depressive and anxiety symptoms
S.E Standard error, adj. pP value adjusted for multiple comparisons, aOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, MFAS Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale, EPDS Edinburgh (Pre) Postnatal Depression Scale, SCL-90 Anxiety Symptom Checklist -90 Anxiety Subscale
* p-value <.05, **p-value <.01