Skip to main content
. 2020 Nov 30;5:52. doi: 10.1186/s41256-020-00178-9

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies in the systematic review and meta-analysis

No. Study Study type Provinces (cities)/municipalities/autonomous regions Region Age (years)c Case Sample size Prevalence (%) Diagnostic cut-offs Gender
1 Ma, Chen & Li (1999) [14] CS Guangdong South Central 55–82 452 2041 22.1 >420 μmol/L Both
364 1696 21.5 >420 μmol/L Male
88 345 25.5 >420 μmol/L Female
2 Shao et al. (2003) [15] CS Nanjing East ≥18 1038 7778 13.3 NS Both
688 3790 17.6 ≥417 μmol/L Male
370 3988 9.3 ≥357 μmol/L Female
3 Chen et al. (2004) [16] CC Anhui East 45 ± 12 105 430 24.4 NS Both
70 227 30.8 >420 μmol/L Male
35 203 17.2 >360 μmol/L Female
4 Wu et al. (2005) [17] CS Guangzhou, Guangdong South Central > 55 197 642 30.7 NS Both
46 152 30.3 >420 μmol/L Male
151 490 30.8 >350 μmol/L Female
5 Yang et al. (2005) [18] CS Shandong East 18–54 537 8640 6.2 NS Both
459 6289 7.3 ≥416 μmol/L Male
78 2351 3.3 ≥357 μmol/L Female
6 Wang et al. (2006) [19] CS Shandong East 20–80 269 2605 10.3 > 350 μmol/L Female
7 Li et al. (2008) [20] CH Chinaa NAa 45–54 10 274 3.6 NS Both
5 90 5.6 ≥416 μmol/L Male
5 184 2.7 ≥356 μmol/L Female
55–64 18 307 5.9 NS Both
13 138 9.4 ≥416 μmol/L Male
5 169 3.0 ≥356 μmol/L Female
65–74 21 229 9.2 NS Both
12 116 10.3 ≥416 μmol/L Male
9 113 8.0 ≥356 μmol/L Female
8 Fan et al. (2009) [118] CS Xinyang, Henan South Central 40–75 738 5235 14.1 NS Both
379 1763 21.5 ≥420 μmol/L Male
354 3472 10.2 ≥360 μmol/L Female
9 Lu et al. (2010) [21] CS Tianjin North 22–53 19 151 12.6 ≥410 μmol/L Male
10 Yu et al. (2010) [22] CS Foshan, Guangdong South Central 20–88 1117 7403 15.1 NS Both
714 3581 19.9 ≥417 μmol/L Male
403 3822 10.5 ≥357 μmol/L Female
11 Yuan et al. (2011) [23] CS Guiyang Southwest > 60 399 2600 15.3 ≥420 μmol/L Both
227 1430 15.9 NS Male
172 1170 14.7 NS Female
12 Zhang & Zhang (2011) [24] CS Chinaa NAa ≥18 427 5774 7.4 NS Both
13 Guo et al. (2012) [25] CS Taiyuan, Shanxi Northwest 23–87 371 4228 8.8 NS Both
249 1308 19.0 ≥420 μmol/L Male
122 2920 4.2 ≥420 μmol/L Female
14 Wang et al. (2012) [26] CS Yinchuan, Ningxia Northwest ≥18 926 5921 15.6 NS Both
1352 7322 18.5 NS Both
1635 8717 18.8 NS Both
15 Chen et al. (2013) [27] CS Guangxi South Central ≥18 319 927 34.4 NS Both
157 419 30.9 NS Male
162 508 38.7 NS Female
16 Duan et al. (2013) [28] CS Xinjiang Northwest ≥18 261 2046 12.8 NS Both
228 823 27.7 >417 μmol/L Male
33 1223 2.7 >357 μmol/L Female
17 Li et al. (2013) [29] CS Quanzhou, Fujian East 40–80 253 1358 18.6 NS Both
99 363 27.3 ≥416 μmol/L Male
154 995 15.5 ≥357 μmol/L Female
18 Li & Cao (2013) [30] CS Karamay, Xinjiang Northwest ≥18 310 2032 15.3 NS Both
268 1086 24.7 NS Male
42 946 4.4 NS Female
19 Lv et al. (2013) [31] CS Yantai, Shandong East 31–78 66 635 10.4 ≥380 μmol/L Both
20 Su et al. (2013) [32] CS Nanhai, Guangdong South Central 45–80 415 2015 20.6 NS Both
271 1110 24.4 >420 μmol/L Male
144 905 16.9 >357 μmol/L Female
21 Wang et al. (2013) [33] CS Shanghai East 40–70 58 1928 3.0 NS Both
33 582 5.7 >420 μmol/L Male
25 1346 1.9 >357 μmol/L Female
22 Zhang, Wu & Lv (2013) [34] CS Hebei North 21–95 693 3232 21.4 NS Both
446 1897 23.5 ≥428 μmol/L Male
247 1335 18.5 ≥357 μmol/L Female
23 Zhou & He (2013) [35] CH Shenyang, Liaoning Northeast 50–70 8 70 34.8 NS Both
24 Chen, Dai & Lin (2014) [36] CS Guangzhou, Guangdong South Central 45–75 603 1176 51.3 NS Both
341 612 55.7 >420 μmol/L Male
262 564 46.5 >357 μmol/L Female
25 Cui et al. (2014) [37] CS Hebei North ≥20 1091 7083 15.4 NS Both
904 5357 16.9 ≥417 μmol/L Male
187 1726 10.8 ≥357 μmol/L Female
26 Li, Zhao, Gao (2014) [38] CS Yunnan Southwest 27–89 367 2947 12.5 NS Both
303 1827 16.6 >420 μmol/L Male
64 1120 5.7 >360 μmol/L Female
27 Lin et al. (2014) [39] CS Guangdong South Central > 60 190 1036 18.3 NS Both
86 383 22.5 ≥420 μmol/L Male
104 653 15.9 ≥420 μmol/L Female
28 Liu et al. (2014) [40] CS Jilin Northeast 38 ± 10 3395 16,807 20.2 NS Both
2930 9736 30.1 NS Male
465 7071 6.6 NS Female
29 Pan et al. (2014) [41] CS Jiangsu East 35–70 573 3122 18.4 NS Both
362 1349 26.8 ≥420 μmol/L Male
211 1773 11.9 ≥380 μmol/L Female
30 Song et al. (2014) [42] CS Jiangxi East > 40 795 3795 20.9 NS Both
488 1824 26.8 >420 μmol/L Male
307 1971 15.6 >350 μmol/L Female
31 Yong & Ye (2014) [43] CS Hebei North ≥18–20 813 5269 15.4 NS Both
769 2717 28.3 >420 μmol/L Male
44 2552 1.7 >350 μmol/L Female
32 Zhu, Wang, Liu (2014) [44] CS Xinjiang Northwest 20–93 1489 10,025 14.9 NS Both
33 Cao, Li & Yi (2015) [45] CS Guangzhou, Guangdong South Central 20–80 290 988 29.4 NS Both
264 601 43.9 >420 μmol/L Male
26 387 6.7 >350 μmol/L Female
34 Li et al. (2015a) [46] CS Gansu Northwest 48 ± 15 392 2364 16.6 NS Both
256 1254 20.4 >420 μmol/L Male
136 1110 12.3 >360 μmol/L Female
35 Li et al. (2015b) [47] CS Guangxi South Central ≥20 14,181 51,206 27.7 NS Both
10,722 27,144 39.5 ≥417 μmol/L Male
3459 24,062 14.4 ≥357 μmol/L Female
36 Li et al. (2015c) [48] CS Dongguan, Guangdong South Central ≥18 519 1375 37.6 NS Both
366 657 26.6 >420 μmol/L Male
153 718 11.1 >350 μmol/L Female
37 Liu et al. (2015) [11] CS Guangzhou, Guangdong South Central ≥18 1334 4237 31.5 NS Both
859 2257 38.1 >420 μmol/L Male
475 1980 24.0 >360 μmol/L Female
38 Lu (2015) [49] CS Shanghai East 65–85 220 1128 19.5 NS Both
165 607 27.2 >420 μmol/L Male
63 511 12.3 >350 μmol/L Female
39 Zhao (2015) [50] CS Chinaa NAa 20–60 4616 12,650 36.5 NS Both
40 Zhou et al. (2015a) [51] CS Sichuan Southwest ≥18 182 972 18.7 NS Both
123 452 27.2 ≥420 μmol/L Male
59 520 11.3 ≥360 μmol/L Female
41 Zhou et al. (2015b) [52] CS Henan South Central 20–60 1196 4916 24.3 NS Both
1128 4290 26.3 ≥420 μmol/L Male
68 626 10.9 ≥357 μmol/L Female
42 Guli, He & Zhang (2016) [53] CS Gansu Northwest 20–80 780 6400 12.2 >420 μmol/L Both
43 Chen & Xing (2016) [54] CS Beijing North 25–82 151 868 17.4 ≥416 μmol/L Male
44 Chen & Zhou (2016) [55] CS Zhejiang East > 60 691 4160 16.6 NS Both
393 2182 18.0 >420 μmol/L Male
298 1978 15.1 >360 μmol/L Female
45 Fan et al. (2016) [56] CS Shanghai East ≥18 5413 27,615 19.6 NS Both
3993 14,104 28.3 >420 μmol/L Male
1420 13,511 10.5 >357 μmol/L Female
46 Feng et al. (2016) [57] CS Jiangsu East 18–93 219 1352 16.2 NS Both
129 609 21.2 >420 μmol/L Male
90 743 12.1 >350 μmol/L Female
47 Li (2016) [58] CS Tianjin North ≥18 10,344 77,787 13.3 NS Both
48 Li et al. (2016) [59] CS Chongqing Southwest 39 1596 26,067 6.1 NS Both
1272 18,139 7.0 ≥420 μmol/L Male
324 7928 4.1 ≥357 μmol/L Female
49 Liu et al. (2016) [60] CS Shanghai East ≥18 8100 9653 83.9 NS Both
2872 3550 81.2 >420 μmol/L Male
5228 6103 85.9 >357 μmol/L Female
50 Liu, Zhou & Yin (2016) [61] CS Yunnan Southwest 32–60 131 390 33.6 NS Both
126 334 37.7 >420 μmol/L Male
5 56 9.1 >360 μmol/L Female
51 Lu (2016) [62] CS Xinjiang Northwest ≥60 233 986 23.6 NS Both
52 Pu et al. (2016) [63] CS Chinaa NAa 20–91 1078 11,967 9.0 NS Both
53 Wang (2016) [64] CS Hubei South Central 18–22 358 4333 8.3 NS Both
294 2029 14.5 >420 μmol/L Male
64 2304 2.8 >350 μmol/L Female
54 Xie et al. (2016) [65] CS Beijing; Tangshan and Zhangjiakou, Hebei North 18–60 632 2782 22.7 NS Both
268 1830 14.6 >420 μmol/L Male
364 952 35.1 >357 μmol/L Female
55 Yang, Wang & Wang (2016) [66] CS Tianjin North 18–93 1165 8968 13.0 NS Both
959 5449 17.6 >417 μmol/L Male
206 3519 5.9 >357 μmol/L Female
56 Zhang (2016) [67] CS Chinaa NAa ≥18 198 794 24.9 >420 μmol/L Male
Eastern Chinaa East ≥18 58 202 31.3 >421 μmol/L Male
57 Zhao et al. (2016a) [68] CS Lanzhou, Gansu Northwest ≥45 37 175 21.1 NS Both
58 Zhao et al. (2016b) [69] CS Beijing North 20 ± 3 1716 6400 26.8 NS Both
1464 4198 34.9 >417 μmol/L Male
252 2202 11.4 >357 μmol/L Female
59 Zhao et al. (2016c) [70] CS Beijing North 20–89 1086 6690 16.2 NS Both
785 3339 23.5 >417 μmol/L Male
301 3351 10.0 >357 μmol/L Female
60 Feng et al. (2017) [71] CS Beijing North range ≥ 18 2257 12,335 18.3 NS Both
1867 7681 24.3 >420 μmol/L Male
390 4654 8.4 >357 μmol/L Female
61 Guo et al. (2017) [72] CS Heilongjiang Northeast 20–59 419 1477 28.4 >420 μmol/L Male
62 He (2017) [73] CS Dalian, Liaoning Northeast 22–91 358 2002 17.9 NS Both
252 1044 24.1 >420 μmol/L Male
106 958 11.1 premenopausal>350 μmol/L postmenopausal>420 μmol/L Female
63 Li et al. (2017) [74] CC Urumqi, Xinjiang Northwest 18–78 221 1644 23.8 NS Both
64 Li, Zhou & Pan (2017) [75] CS Guangdong South Central 22–90 314 3071 10.2 NS Both
65 Lin et al. (2017) [76] CS Yunnan South Central 18–84 196 1682 11.7 NS Both
139 923 15.1 ≥417 μmol/L Male
57 759 7.5 ≥357 μmol/L Female
66 Liu et al. (2017a) [77] CS Shanghai East ≥18 148 908 16.3 NS Both
48 308 15.6 >420 μmol/L Male
100 600 16.7 >360 μmol/L Female
67 Liu et al. (2017b) [78] CS Shanghai East 20–80 1444 9294 15.5 NS Both
639 3393 18.8 >420 μmol/L Male
805 5901 13.6 >357 μmol/L Female
68 Liu et al. (2017c) [79] CS Hunan South Central 20–80 1435 5356 26.8 NS Both
1234 3489 35.4 NS Male
201 1867 10.8 NS Female
69 Liu, Yan & Li (2017) [80] CS Hebei North ≥18 698 6045 11.5 NS Both
488 3344 14.6 >416 μmol/L Male
210 2701 7.8 >357 μmol/L Female
70 Liu & Yang (2017) [81] CC Beijing North 21–67 204 1799 11.3 NS Both
71 Min (2017) CS Shenyang, Liaoning Northeast 74 282 26.2 NS Both
72 Pan & Jiang (2017) [82] CS Fuzhou, Fujian East 75 210 744 28.2 NS Both
196 618 31.7 >420 μmol/L Male
14 126 11.1 >420 μmol/L Female
73 Wang & Bai (2017) [83] CS Ningxia Northwest 22–60 121 1012 12.0 NS Both
99 757 13.1 >420 μmol/L Male
22 255 8.6 >357 μmol/L Female
74 Wang & Bao (2017) [84] CS Shanghai East 60–93 454 2426 18.7 NS Both
220 1076 20.5 >420 μmol/L Male
234 1350 17.3 >360 μmol/L Female
75 Xie et al. (2017) [85] CS Guangdong South Central 35–75 279 2587 10.8 NS Both
175 1410 12.4 >417 μmol/L Male
104 1177 8.8 >357 μmol/L Female
76 Yu & Jie (2017) [86] CS Shandong East 21–76 1191 10,743 11.1 NS Both
1116 6426 10.4 ≥430 μmol/L Male
75 4317 0.7 ≥375 μmol/L Female
77 Zhang (2017a) [87] CS Liaoning Northeast 21–50 121 500 24.2 NS Both
78 Zhang (2017b) [88] CS Anhui East 25–87 19 230 8.3 >420 μmol/L Both
79 Zhang, Chen & Liu (2017) [89] CS Zhuhai, Guangdong South Central 18–75 590 1834 NS Both
290 679 42.7 NS Male
300 1155 26.0 NS Female
80 Zheng (2017) [90] CS Chinaa NAa 24 ± 6 432 1721 25.1 > 420 μmol/L Male
81 Chen et al. (2018a) [91] CS Liaoning, Heilonjiang, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Guangxi NAb 49 ± 17 1435 8785 16.3 NS Both
886 4110 21.6 ≥420 μmol/L Male
549 4675 11.7 ≥360 μmol/L Female
82 Chen et al. (2018b) [92] CS Guangxi South Central > 60 161 817 19.7 >420 μmol/L Both
83 Chen et al. (2018c) [93] CS Guangdong South Central ≥18 328 981 33.4 >420 μmol/L Male
84 Chen et al. (2018d) [94] CS Guangxi South Central 65–96 241 1223 19.7 NS Both
163 629 25.9 ≥420 μmol/L Male
78 594 13.1 ≥360 μmol/L Female
85 Fan, Mao & Chen (2018) [95] CS Ningbo, Zhejiang East ≥45 750 3395 22.1 NS Both
86 He (2018) [96] CS Henan South Central 25–89 410 2193 18.7 NS Both
305 1156 26.4 >420 μmol/L Male
105 1037 10.1 >350 μmol/L Female
87 Hu et al. (2018) [97] CS Guangxi South Central 20–70 1035 6241 16.6 NS Both
755 3271 23.1 > 420 μmol/L Male
280 2970 9.4 > 360 μmol/L Female
88 Huang & Huang (2018) [98] CS Guangzhou, Guangdong South Central 51–82 55 338 16.3 NS Both
49 289 17.0 NS Male
6 49 12.2 NS Female
89 Huang et al. (2018) [99] CS Guizhou Southwest 18–75 26,341 143,687 18.3 NS Both
15,387 75,364 20.4 ≥417 μmol/L Male
20,954 68,323 16.0 ≥357 μmol/L Female
90 Li, Wang & Xu (2018) [100] CS Beijing North 18–80 255 1700 15.0 NS Both
116 620 18.7 NS Male
139 1080 12.9 NS Female
91 Lin et al. (2018a) [101] CS Fujian East 18–63 666 2666 25.0 NS Both
411 1251 43.9 >417 μmol/L Male
255 1415 18.0 >357 μmol/L Female
92 Lin et al. (2018b) [102] CS Guangzhou, Guangdong South Central ≥18 1642 5603 29.3 NS Both
1590 5281 30.1 >420 μmol/L Male
53 322 16.5 >350 μmol/L Female
93 Lu (2018a) [103] CS Zhejiang East 55 147 1200 12.3 NS Both
93 597 15.6 > 420 μmol/L Male
54 603 9.0 > 350 μmol/L Female
94 Lu (2018b) [104] CH Inner Mongolia North ≥35 383 2554 15.0 NS Both
331 1632 20.3 >420 μmol/L Male
52 922 5.6 >360 μmol/L Female
477 2554 18.7 NS Both
413 1632 25.3 >420 μmol/L Male
64 922 6.9 >360 μmol/L Female
511 2554 20.0 NS Both
446 1632 27.3 >420 μmol/L Male
65 922 7.6 >360 μmol/L Female
530 2554 20.8 NS Both
465 1632 28.5 >420 μmol/L Male
65 922 8.0 >360 μmol/L Female
95 Su et al. (2018) [105] CS Zhejiang East range ≥ 18 694 3905 17.8 NS Both
364 1797 20.3 NS Male
330 2108 15.7 NS Female
96 Tuo et al. (2018) [106] CS Gansu Northwest 20–80 768 4263 18.0 NS Both
432 1783 24.2 ≥420 μmol/L Male
336 2480 13.6 ≥350 μmol/L Female
97 Wang et al. (2018a) [107] CS Beijing; Xi’an, Shaanxi; Harbin, Heilongjiang; Chengdu, Sichuan; Chongqing; Changsha, Hunan; Shanghai NAb ≥60 754 5351 14.1 NS Both
304 2304 13.2 ≥420 μmol/L Male
450 3047 14.8 ≥360 μmol/L Female
98 Wang et al. (2018b) [108] CS Liaoning; Heilongjiang; Jiangsu; Shandong; Henan; Hubei; Hunan; Guangxi NAb ≥18 555 4111 13.5 NS Both
361 1871 19.3 > 418 μmol/L Male
194 2240 8.7 > 357 μmol/L Female
99 Wang & Ma (2018) [109] CS Liaoning Northeast 22–65 432 1481 29.2 > 420 μmol/L Male
100 Yang et al. (2018) [110] CS Chinaa NAa ≥18 3855 24,095 16.0 NS Both
101 Yu et al. (2018) [111] CS Xinjiang Northwest 30–81 2648 14,426 18.4 NS Both
102 Zhang et al. (2018) [112] CS Ningxia Northwest ≥18 3880 19,356 20.0 NS Both
3180 12,115 26.2 >420 μmol/L Male
700 7241 9.7 >350 μmol/L Female
103 Zhou et al. (2018) [113] CS Ningxia Northwest ≥35 279 1743 16.0 NS Both
193 1044 18.5 NS Male
86 699 12.3 NS Female
104 Hu, Zhao & Shang (2019) [114] CS Tibet Northwest 20–49 170 1669 10.2 NS Both
114 952 12.0 NS Male
56 717 7.8 NS Female
105 Tian et al. (2019) [115] CS Beijing North 18–97 10,795 52,673 20.5 NS Both
8524 27,419 31.1 NS Male
2271 25,254 9.0 NS Female
106 Wang et al. (2019) [123] CC Chinaa NAa ≥18 2977 22,983 13.0 NS Both
1999 10,787 18.5 NS Male
978 12,796 7.6 NS Female
107 Yang (2019) [116] CH Guilin, Guangxi South Central 20–68 160 1545 10.4 NS Both
108 Yu et al. (2019) [117] CS Shenyang, Liaoning Northeast ≥18 7705 14,323 53.7 NS Both

CS Cross-sectional, CC Case control, CH Cohort study, NA Not applicable, NS Not stated

aNo specific provinces were reported

bMore than one region was involved

cMean used unless range reported