Table 1.
Summary of the role of RNA molecules present in extracellular vesicles on pathogen and host communication.
| Origin | RNA molecule | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Host to pathogen | miR-199b-5p, miR-125b-5p | Those miRNAs were able to differentiate healthy individuals from septic and predict their prognosis | Reithmair et al., 2017 |
| miR-1224, miR-2146, miR-2134, miR-483, miR-710, miR-2141, miR-720, miR-155 and miR-34c | Human and mice miRNAs were able to enter bacterial cells and regulate gene expression | Liu et al., 2016 | |
| sRNAs | Arabidopsis secretes EVs to deliver sRNAs into fungal cells to silence virulence-related genes | Cai et al., 2018 | |
| Pathogen | ncRNAs, tRNAs and rRNAs (3S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and 5S rRNA) | Escherichia coli K-12 OMVs can carry distinct types of RNA molecules | Ghosal et al., 2015 |
| ncRNAs, rRNAs and sRNAs (CsrB1, CrsB2 and CrsB3) | Vibrio colerae strain A1552 carries a great variety of ncRNA molecules | Sjöström et al., 2015; Langlete et al., 2019 | |
| mRNAs | Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium mRNAs were diferrentially enriched in OMVs | Malabirade et al., 2018 | |
| microRNA-like molecules | Those molecules were identifeid in OMV from E. coli and Streptococcus | Lee and Hong, 2012; Kang et al., 2013 | |
| microRNA-like, snoRNA snRNAs and mitochondrial tRNAs | Those RNA molecules were identified in EVs from P. brasiliensis, C. neoformans, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae | Peres da Silva et al., 2015 | |
| mRNAs | mRNAs habe been found in fungal EVs which were involved in essential processes for survival and pathogenesis | Peres da Silva et al., 2015 | |
| anti-sense ncRNAs and tRNAs | In Histoplasma capsulatum, anti-sense ncRNAs were found inside EVs | Alves et al., 2019 | |
| Pathogen to host | rRNAs, sRNAs | The RNA content of Escherichia coli strain 536 OMVs was found inside the recipient cell, reinforcing the hypothesis of inter-kingdom communication | Blenkiron et al., 2016 |
| sRNA (sRNA52320) | This sRNA led to a reduction in IL-8 secretion in the host cell | Koeppen et al., 2016 | |
| sncRNAs sR-2509025 and sR-989262 | In Helicobacter pylori, these ncRNAs reduced the LPS-mediated induction of IL-8 protein secretion in the host cell. | Zhang et al., 2020 | |
| sRNAs | In periodontitis-causing bacteria, sRNAs in OMVs led to decreased levels of IL-5, IL-13 and IL-15 | Choi et al., 2017 | |
| sRNAs and allergens | Malassezia sympodialis’ EVs carry allergen molecules and sRNAs to host cells | Rayner et al., 2017 | |
| RNA content | EVs from a more virulent strain of C. gatti increased the proliferation of a less virulent strain inside the macrophages | Bielska et al., 2018 | |
| mRNAs | Paracoccidioides mRNAs present in the EVs could be actively translated | Peres da Silva et al., 2019 |