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. 2020 Nov 18;10:588542. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.588542

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Copyright © 2020 Lin, Liao and Yang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunomodulation of colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs) and the interplay between CRCSCs and the tumor microenvironment. Crosstalk between CRCSCs and immune cells through signaling pathways, epigenetic modulation, and secretory factors shapes the tumor microenvironment to promote survival. CRCSCs modulate the expression of antigen presentation molecules (major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I) and surface markers [programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cluster of differentiation 44v6 (CD44v6)] to inhibit the activities of immune cells. They also secrete factors to modulate the tumor microenvironment. (This figure was created with BioRender.com.).