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. 2020 May 14;13(6):953–964. doi: 10.1007/s12265-020-10011-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic representation of mapping analysis. Left: the right pulmonary vein (PVR) area is mapped from the sinus transversus fold along the borders of the PVR down towards the atrioventricular groove. Using a 192-electrode array 10 s of AF is recorded. Middle: simplistic illustration of different filtering modes. Right: morphology analysis of all fibrillation potentials. The peak-to-peak amplitude of each deflection (mV), fractionation (f, number of deflections), and fractionation delay time (FDT) is derived. Fibrillation potentials were classified as either single potential (f = 1), double potential (f = 2), or complex fractionated potential (f ≥ 3). The steepest deflection of a potential is classified as the primary deflection (and marked as the local activation time), whereas additional deflections are classified as secondary deflections. BB, Bachmann’s bundle; ICV, inferior caval vein; LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage; LAT, local activation time; PVL, left pulmonary vein; RA, right atrium; RAA, right atrial appendage; SCV, superior caval vein