Table 3.
Summary of studies using extracellular vesicle EV-based analysis for GBM.
| Author, Year | Biofluid | Methodology of EVanalysis | Genetic cargo evaluated | Diagnostic sensitivity | Potential role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skog, 2008 | Serum | Nested RT-PCR EGFRvIII mRNA | EGFRvIII | 28% | Diagnosis |
| Shao, 2012 | Plasma | Micro nuclear magnetic resonance system chip based EV protein analysis | EGFRvIII, IDH1, PDPN proteins | 68% (EGFRvIII, PDPN) 16% IDH1 | Diagnosis |
| Chen & Balaj, 2013 | CSF, Serum | BEAMing (beads, emulsion, amplification, magnetics) RT-PCR and ddPCR | IDH1 mutation | 62.5% 0% | Diagnosis |
| Akers, 2013 | CSF | RT-PCR | miR-21 | 85% initial cohort, 87% validation cohort | Diagnosis/Monitoring |
| Manterola, 2014 | Serum | RT-PCR | miR-320, miR-574–3p, RNU6–1 expression | miR-320, 65%, miR-574–3p, 59%, RNU6–1, 73% | Diagnosis |
| Koch, 2014 | Plasma | Flow cytometry: size of 300 nm or greater and Annexin V positivity | - | - | Monitoring |
| Evans, 2016 | Plasma | Flow cytometry: Annexin V positivity | - | - | Monitoring/ Prognosis |
| Garcia-Romero, 2017* | Plasma | Fast Cold-PCR | IDH1 mutation | 48% | Diagnosis |
| Galbo, 2017* | Serum | Imaging flow cytometry- fluorescent labelled antibodies | CD9+/GFAP+/SVN+ EVs | - | Monitoring |
| Andre-Gregoire, 2018 | Plasma | Tunable resistive pulse sensing analysis (TRPS) | - | - | - |
| Ricklefs, 2018* | Plasma | Droplet PCR | PD-L1 DNA | 67% | Monitoring |
| Manda, 2018* | Serum | Semi-nested RT-PCR | EGFRvIII mRNA | 82% | Diagnosis |
| Lan, 2018* | Serum | RT-PCR | miR-301A | _ | Prognosis/Monitoring |
| Ebrahimkhani, 2018* | Serum | Deep sequencing | miR-182–5p, miR-328–3p, miR-339–5p, miR-340–5p, miR-485–3p, miR-486–5p and miR-543 | 92% λ | Diagnosis |
| Santangelo, 2018* | Serum | RT-PCR | miR-21, miR-222, miR-124–3p | miR-21, 84%, miR-222, 80% miR-124–3p 78% | Diagnosis/Monitoring |
| Osti, 2019* | Plasma | Nanoparticle tracking analysis, Mass spectrometry | Proteins: vWF, APCS, C4B, AMBP, APOD, AZGP1, C4BPB, Serpin3, FTL, C3, and APOE | - | Monitoring |
| Jones & Yekula, 2019 | Plasma | Imaging flow cytometry based monitoring of PpIX positive EVs pre and post 5-ALA based fluorescent guided surgery | PpIX positive EVs | 4 out of 4 | Diagnosis/Monitoring |
| Chandran, 2019 | Plasma | Mass spectrometry, Nanoparticle tracking analysis, Electron microscopy | Levels of Syndecan 1 | 71% | Diagnosis/Classification |
| Ricklefs, 2019* | Plasma | Imaging flow cytometry- fluorescent labelled antibodies | CD63+/CD81+ EVs | - | - |
Abbreviations.AMBP, Alpha-1-Microglobulin/ Bikunin Precursor; APCS, Serum amyloid P component; APOD, Apolipoprotein D; APOE, Apolipoprotein E; AZGP1, Alpha-2-Glycoprotein 1; C3, complement C3; C4B, Complement C4B; C4BPB, Complement Component 4 Binding Protein Beta; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ddPCT, droplet digital PCR; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FTL, Ferritin Light Chain; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; PDPN, podoplanin; PpIX, Protoporphyrin; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; vWF, von Willebrand factor; 5-ALA, 5 Aminolaevulinic acid.
*
These described cases in this series are not limited to GBM.