Table 2.
Univariable and Multivariable Logistic Regressions on Depression
| Variable | Univariable Logistic Regression OR (95% CI) | Multivariable Logistic Regression OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Main Variable | ||
| Race/Ethnicity (Ref: White) | ||
| Asian | 0.37 (0.26–0.53)*** | 0.59 (0.39–0.90)* |
| Black | 1.17 (0.94–1.45) | 0.66 (0.52–0.84)* |
| Mexican Hispanic | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) | 0.54 (0.38–0.78)* |
| Other Hispanic | 1.73 (1.29–2.33)*** | 1.26 (0.90–1.76) |
| Other | 2.04 (1.33–3.11)** | 1.32 (0.81–2.15) |
| Self-rated dietary pattern (Ref: Excellent/very good) | ||
| Good | 1.63 (1.23–2.16)*** | 0.99 (0.72–1.36) |
| Fair/poor | 4.22 (3.20–5.57)*** | 1.46 (1.03–2.07)* |
| HEI Total (Ref: Poor) | ||
| Need Improvement | 0.61 (0.49–0.75)*** | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) |
| Acceptable | 0.22 (0.13–0.37)*** | 0.45 (0.26–0.80)* |
| Caffeine (Ref: None) | ||
| 1–200 mg | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | 0.88 (0.61–1.25) |
| >200–400 mg | 0.82 (0.58–1.16) | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) |
| >400 mg | 1.22 (0.84–1.78) | 0.94 (0.59–1.49) |
| Total Leisure-Time Physical Activity (Ref: None) | ||
| Low | 0.58 (0.45–0.74)*** | 0.91 (0.69–1.19) |
| Moderate | 0.38 (0.28–0.51)*** | 0.79 (0.57–1.10) |
| High | 0.26 (0.19–0.37)*** | 0.63 (0.43–0.90)* |
| Socio-Demographic | ||
| Sex (Ref: Female) | ||
| Male | 0.60 (0.50–0.72)*** | 0.63 (0.53–0.76)** |
| Age (Ref: 20–44 yrs.) | ||
| 45–64 yrs. | 1.26 (1.04–1.52)* | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) |
| ≥65 yrs. | 0.75 (0.59–0.95)* | 0.55 (0.39–0.80)* |
| Education (Ref: <High school) | ||
| High school graduate | 0.71 (0.58–0.87)** | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) |
| Some college | 0.64 (0.50–0.81)*** | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) |
| College | 0.27 (0.19–0.38)*** | 0.86 (0.56–1.31) |
| Marital Status (Ref: Married/cohabitating) | ||
| Never married | 1.81 (1.47–2.24)*** | 1.68 (1.30–2.16)** |
| Other | 2.55 (2.16–3.02)*** | 1.45 (1.17–1.80)* |
| Income (Ref: Poor) | ||
| Low | 0.68 (0.55–0.84)*** | 0.92 (0.72–1.16) |
| Moderate | 0.38 (0.30–0.49)*** | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) |
| High | 0.18 (0.13–0.25)*** | 0.56 (0.38–0.84)* |
| Missing | 0.42 (0.32–0.57)*** | 0.75 (0.50–1.13) |
| Health Insurance (Ref: No insurance) | ||
| Public | 1.75 (1.42–2.14)*** | 1.24 (0.94–1.63) |
| Private | 0.40 (0.31–0.51)*** | 0.67 (0.52–0.87)* |
| Other | 1.39 (0.98–1.96)+ | 1.42 (0.94–2.14) |
| Health-related | ||
| # of Chronic Conditions (Ref: 0) | ||
| 1 | 1.56 (1.26–1.94)*** | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) |
| 2+ | 3.08 (2.60–3.65)*** | 1.32 (1.03–1.69)* |
| General Health (Ref: Excellent/very good) | ||
| Good | 3.65 (2.67–4.99)*** | 2.27 (1.62–3.18)** |
| Fair/poor | 13.57 (10.59–17.37)*** | 5.43 (3.93–7.49)*** |
| Behavioral-related | ||
| Alcohol | 1.23 (1.03–1.46)* | 1.08 (0.88–1.34) |
| Smoking (Ref: Never) | ||
| Previous | 1.31 (1.02–1.67)* | 1.00 (0.75–1.33) |
| Current | 3.52 (2.84–4.37)*** | 1.55 (1.19–2.02)* |
| Sleep disorder | 4.83 (4.16–5.61)*** | 3.20 (2.65–3.87)*** |
| Obesity (Ref: Normal/underweight) | ||
| Overweight | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.90 (0.69–1.16) |
| Obese | 1.59 (1.27–1.99)*** | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) |
OR = Odds Ratio. CI = Confidence Interval. Ref = Reference. HEI = Health Eating Index. MET = Metabolic Equivalent of Task.
+
P<0.10.
*
P <0.05.
**
P<0.01.
***
P<0.001.
The NHANES complex sampling design was accounted for the logistic regression. The c-statistic of the multivariable model was 0.831 (95% CI=0.818–0.842). The variance inflation factors of all variables in the models were lower than 10, indicating no multicollinearity between variables.