Table 3.
Odds Ratio (and 95% Confidence Interval) of Logistic Regression on Depression by Race/Ethnicity
| Variable | White | Asian | Black | Mexican | Other Hispanic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main Variable | |||||
| Self-rated dietary pattern (Ref: Excellent/very good) | |||||
| Good | 1.16 (0.75–1.82) | 1.36 (0.60–3.08) | 1.08 (0.70–1.67) | 0.38 (0.14–1.04) | 1.15 (0.49–2.70) |
| Fair/poor | 1.62 (0.93–2.82) | 0.89 (0.28–2.80) | 1.88 (1.18–2.99)* | 0.80 (0.36–1.78) | 1.69 (0.72–4.00) |
| HEI Total (Ref: Poor) | |||||
| Need improvement | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 1.14 (0.42–3.10) | 1.12 (0.78–1.62) | 0.83 (0.51–1.36) | 1.31 (0.75–2.26) |
| Acceptable | 0.11 (0.02–0.75)* | 1.84 (0.58–5.84) | 0.72 (0.16–3.24) | 0.34 (0.09–1.34) | 0.92 (0.23–3.69) |
| Caffeine (Ref: None) | |||||
| 1–200 mg | 0.79 (0.46–1.36) | 1.05 (0.30–3.60) | 1.20 (0.79–1.83) | 0.42 (0.24–1.36)+ | 1.68 (0.80–3.50) |
| 201–400 mg | 0.80 (0.43–1.50) | 1.52 (0.30–7.80) | 1.63 (0.86–3.12) | 0.32 (0.09–1.34)+ | 1.75 (0.67–4.60) |
| >400 mg | 0.84 (0.44–1.60) | 4.79 (0.80–28.60) | 1.00 (0.44–2.26) | 0.89 (0.24–3.23) | 1.23 (0.47–3.19) |
| Total Leisure-Time Physical Activity (Ref: None) | |||||
| Low | 0.93 (0.64–1.37) | 1.21 (0.50–2.92) | 0.93 (0.55–1.57) | 0.96 (0.49–1.86) | 0.62 (0.29–1.35) |
| Moderate | 0.83 (0.53–1.29) | 0.80 (0.25–2.51) | 0.94 (0.48–1.84) | 0.74 (0.29–1.87) | 0.48 (0.22–1.07) |
| High | 0.57 (0.32–1.02)+ | 1.74 (0.48–6.28) | 0.65 (0.40–1.04) | 0.61 (0.19–1.90) | 1.09 (0.41–2.85) |
| Socio-Demographic | |||||
| Sex (Ref: Female) | |||||
| Male | 0.60 (0.46–0.78)** | 0.47 (0.23–0.98)* | 0.68 (0.48–0.97)* | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | 0.42 (0.23–0.76)* |
| Age (Ref: 20–44 yrs.) | |||||
| 45–64 yrs. | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) | 0.70 (0.32–1.51) | 0.46 (0.31–0.68)** | 0.78 (0.42–1.46) | 0.95 (0.52–1.73) |
| ≥65 yrs. | 0.60 (0.36–1.01)+ | 0.06 (0.01–0.38)* | 0.35 (0.19–0.66)** | 0.72 (0.28–1.83) | 0.40 (0.12–1.31) |
| Education (Ref: <High school) | |||||
| High school | 0.82 (0.52–1.29) | 1.09 (0.23–5.01) | 0.75 (0.52–1.09) | 1.18 (0.57–2.41) | 0.87 (0.47–1.63) |
| Some college | 0.89 (0.56–1.41) | 0.84 (0.18–3.84) | 0.86 (0.51–1.45) | 1.13 (0.66–1.92) | 1.08 (0.60–1.94) |
| College | 0.72 (0.38–1.37) | 1.13 (0.31–4.17) | 0.78 (0.42–1.46) | 1.68 (0.42–6.79) | 0.79 (0.38–1.66) |
| Marital Status (Ref: Married/cohabitating) | |||||
| Never married | 2.21 (1.47–3.33)** | 1.15 (0.44–2.98) | 1.41 (0.98–2.02)+ | 1.09 (0.53–2.23) | 1.09 (0.62–1.92) |
| Other | 1.43 (1.06–1.93)* | 2.20 (0.95–5.09)+ | 2.17 (1.51–3.14)** | 1.75 (1.06–2.87)* | 0.98 (0.60–1.62) |
| Income (Ref: Poor) | |||||
| Low | 0.94 (0.66–1.33) | 1.11 (0.27–4.54) | 0.85 (0.59–1.24) | 0.72 (0.46–1.11) | 0.70 (0.42–1.17) |
| Moderate | 0.87 (0.56–1.33) | 2.28 (0.84–6.20) | 0.60 (0.39–0.92)* | 0.77 (0.48–1.23) | 0.80 (0.38–1.70) |
| High | 0.52 (0.30–0.91)* | 2.79 (0.99–7.87)+ | 0.33 (0.14–0.76)* | 0.83 (0.19–3.68) | 0.78 (0.19–3.17) |
| Missing | 0.65 (0.31–1.36) | 0.98 (0.22–4.54) | 0.69 (0.34–1.40) | 1.02 (0.55–1.88) | 0.69 (0.29–1.65) |
| Health Insurance (Ref: No insurance) | |||||
| Public | 1.46 (0.93–2.29) | 1.93 (0.46–8.05) | 0.74 (0.50–1.10) | 0.91 (0.46–1.82) | 1.43 (0.70–2.92) |
| Private | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 0.71 (0.24–2.05) | 0.71 (0.44–1.15) | 0.31 (0.13–0.74)* | 0.69 (0.28–1.74) |
| Other | 1.56 (0.91–2.68) | 0.47 (0.10–2.17) | 0.89 (0.50–1.61) | 1.94 (0.63–5.93) | 0.48 (0.22–1.04)+ |
| Health-related | |||||
| # of Chronic Conditions (Ref: 0) | |||||
| 1 | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 1.55 (0.55–4.37) | 1.12 (0.75–1.69) | 1.12 (0.62–2.03) | 0.82 (0.49–1.37) |
| 2+ | 1.18 (0.78–1.77) | 2.98 (0.96–9.23)+ | 1.42 (0.83–2.42) | 4.99 (2.03–12.26)* | 1.17 (0.62–2.20) |
| General Health (Ref: Excellent/very good) | |||||
| Good | 2.44 (1.57–3.77)** | 1.30 (0.57–3.00) | 1.24 (0.86–1.78) | 1.56 (0.53–4.64) | 3.20 (1.49–6.87)* |
| Fair/poor | 5.94 (3.81–9.26)*** | 7.77 (3.54–17.08)*** | 3.41 (2.11–5.50)*** | 3.50 (1.18–10.37)* | 8.82 (3.93–19.78)*** |
| Behavioral-related | |||||
| Alcohol | 1.04 (0.76–1.41) | 0.53 (0.20–1.39) | 1.21 (0.87–1.69) | 1.29 (0.83–2.00) | 1.07 (0.60–1.94) |
| Smoking (Ref: Never) | |||||
| Previous | 0.88 (0.57–1.36) | 5.07 (1.60–16.04)* | 1.47 (0.89–2.43) | 1.17 (0.61–2.23) | 0.89 (0.44–1.80) |
| Current | 1.32 (0.90–1.92) | 3.54 (1.06–11.77)* | 1.78 (1.21–2.62)* | 1.83 (0.89–3.75) | 2.24 (1.11–4.51)* |
| Sleep disorder | 3.50 (2.63–4.68)*** | 4.44 (1.83–10.76)** | 2.86 (2.20–3.71)*** | 2.51 (1.80–3.49)* | 2.65 (1.86–3.78)*** |
| Obesity (Ref: Normal/underweight) | |||||
| Overweight | 0.92 (0.65–1.29) | 1.42 (0.85–2.37) | 0.88 (0.61–1.25) | 0.59 (0.22–1.61) | 1.10 (0.51–2.34) |
| Obese | 0.95 (0.70–1.30) | 0.40 (0.11–1.49) | 0.60 (0.43–0.82)* | 1.04 (0.54–2.00) | 1.25 (0.65–2.41) |
HEI = Health Eating Index. MET = Metabolic Equivalent of Task. Ref = Reference.
+
P<0.10.
*
P <0.05.
**
P<0.01.
***
P<0.001.
The NHANES complex sampling design was considered for all the analyses. The variance inflation factors of all variables in the models were lower than 10, indicating no multicollinearity between variables.