Appendix 1.
Bivariate Association of Nutrition-Related Variables with Depression
| Variable | Total Weighted Mean (SE) | Depression Status | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not depressed Weighted Mean (SE) | Depressed Weighted Mean (SE) | |||
| 24hr-Recall Diet | ||||
| Calorie (kcal) | 2145.1 (10.5) | 2159.0 (11.7) | 2024.8 (43.5) | 0.005 |
| Protein (gm) | 83.0 (0.5) | 84.2 (0.6) | 71.0 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (mg) | 254.1 (1.3) | 254.5 (1.4) | 250.7 (5.2) | 0.493 |
| Sugar (mg) | 111.3 (0.8) | 110.4 (0.9) | 121.1 (4.0) | 0.014 |
| Fiber (mg) | 17.5 (0.2) | 17.8 (0.2) | 14.7 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Fat (mg) | 83.1 (0.6) | 84.0 (0.6) | 75.6 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 291.9 (2.9) | 294.8 (3.1) | 251.5 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| α-tocopherol (mg) | 9.2 (0.1) | 9.4 (0.1) | 8.1 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Retinol (mcg) | 431.6 (9.2) | 436.0 (10.3) | 403.0 (18.6) | 0.115 |
| Vitamin A (mcg) | 646.5 (13.9) | 659.6 (15.3) | 534.7 (19.9) | <0.001 |
| α-carotene (mcg) | 422.8 (21.4) | 441.0 (23.1) | 243.3 (24.9) | <0.001 |
| β-carotene (mcg) | 2,332.6 (77.0) | 2,427.0 (81.4) | 1,434.1 (87.7) | <0.001 |
| β-cryptoxanthin (mcg) | 84.8 (2.5) | 86.1 (2.7) | 60.7 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.63 (0.01) | 1.63 (0.01) | 1.43 (0.01) | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg) | 14.8 (0.1) | 14.9 (0.1) | 13.3 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1,400.5 (9.2) | 1,416 (9.6) | 1,246 (32.4) | <0.001 |
| Caffeine (mg) | 169.8 (4.2) | 168.4 (4.4) | 205.4 (14.8) | 0.014 |
| Healthy Eating Index | ||||
| Total vegetable | 3.26 (0.02) | 3.30 (0.02) | 2.90 (0.06) | <0.001 |
| Green/Bean | 2.03 (0.03) | 2.07 (0.03) | 1.62 (0.08) | <0.001 |
| Fruit | 2.35 (0.03) | 2.37 (0.04) | 1.95 (0.08) | <0.001 |
| Whole Fruit | 2.52 (0.04) | 2.55 (0.04) | 2.02 (0.10) | <0.001 |
| Whole Grain | 2.96 (0.05) | 3.02 (0.05) | 2.34 (0.11) | <0.001 |
| Dairy | 5.33 (0.06) | 5.33 (0.06) | 5.32 (0.17) | 0.936 |
| Protein | 4.48 (0.01) | 4.50 (0.01) | 4.26 (0.05) | <0.001 |
| Sea Plant | 2.89 (0.03) | 2.94 (0.03) | 2.49 (0.09) | <0.001 |
| Fatty Acid | 5.04 (0.05) | 5.07 (0.05) | 4.68 (0.17) | 0.036 |
| Sodium | 3.97 (0.04) | 3.91 (0.05) | 4.55 (0.13) | <0.001 |
| Refined Grain | 6.35 (0.06) | 6.37 (0.06) | 6.32 (0.16) | 0.786 |
| Saturated Fat | 5.96 (0.06) | 5.95 (0.06) | 5.91 (0.14) | 0.779 |
| Added Sugar | 6.94 (0.06) | 7.01 (0.05) | 6.07 (0.20) | <0.001 |
| Total Score | 54.08 (0.27) | 54.39 (0.28) | 50.43 (0.51) | <0.001 |
SE = Standard Error.
Two sample t test was used to explore bivariate association with depression, adjusting for the NHANES complex sampling design.
Health Eating Index: The possible ranges of all components are 0–10 except total vegetable, green/bean, fruit, whole fruit, sea plant, and protein whose range is 0–5. The total score ranges 0–100. A higher score of the Health Eating Index component indicates a better quality of the dietary component.