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. 2020 Dec 1;11:6148. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19904-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Water moves across the semi-permeable cell membrane as driven by hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients. Ions can diffuse between cells through gap junctions and across the membrane through mechanosensitive and leak channels. Active pumps move ions into the cell against a concentration gradient.