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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2020 Jul 10;143:105933. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105933

Table 3.

Annual PM2.5 Average Exposure and Neurocognitive Performance in the ABCD Study

NIH Toolbox Score Coefficients CI (95%) P-value
List Sorting Working Memory Test −0.2 −1.2 0.9 0.76
Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention Test 0.7 −0.1 1.6 0.09
Dimensional Change Card Sort Test 0.2 −0.6 1.0 0.63
Picture Vocabulary Test −0.1 −0.8 0.5 0.67
Oral Reading Recognition Test 0.3 −0.3 1.0 0.282
Picture Sequence Memory Test −0.71 −1.7 0.3 0.175
Pattern Comparison Processing Speed Test −1.1 −2.4 0.3 0.117
Total Cognition Composite −0.1 −0.8 0.7 0.85
Crystallized Cognition Composite 0.1 −0.5 0.7 0.66
Fluid Cognition Composite −0.3 −1.2 0.6 0.55

β, Beta coefficient; CI, Confidence Interval.

Note: The models are based on main effects of PM2.5. All models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, neighborhood quality, parental higher education, total family income, parental employment status, including random intercepts for ABCD site and familial relationship (participants belonging to the same family). Models were scaled for PM2.5 using a fixed increment of 5 μg/m3.