Table 3.
Objective sleep parameters analyzed by EEG under the onion extract and placebo conditions
| Evaluated factor | Before (n = 18) | Onion extract | Placebo | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amount of change (n = 18) | Amount of change (n = 18) | |||||||||
| Total sleep time | Min | 333.9 | ± | 15.0 | 0.9 | ± | 21.7 | − 19.7 | ± | 17.0 |
| Sleep period time | Min | 369.5 | ± | 17.0 | 12.6 | ± | 27.0 | − 20.8 | ± | 18.9 |
| During REM sleep latency | Min | 70.3 | ± | 5.7 | 6.1 | ± | 9.3 | − 3.8 | ± | 7.5 |
| Sleep latency | Min | 35.6 | ± | 11.4 | − 0.1 | ± | 8.1* | 15.3 | ± | 10.5 |
|
The total time of NREM sleep stage1 (the ratio of NREM sleep stage1) |
Min (%) |
48.7 (13.4) |
± |
4.0 (1.1) |
7.8 (1.0) |
± |
9.2 (1.4) |
1.1 (1.5) |
± |
5.0 (1.7) |
|
The total time of NREM sleep stage2 (the ratio of NREM sleep stage2) |
Min (%) |
189.6 (51.2) |
± |
10.2 (1.8) |
− 8.5 (− 3.2) |
± |
13.3 (1.8) |
− 18.4 (− 2.4) |
± |
13.2 (2.3) |
|
The total time of NREM sleep stage3 (the ratio of NREM sleep stage3) |
Min (%) |
14.0 (4.0) |
± |
3.6 (1.0) |
2.5 (0.6) |
± |
2.7 (1.0) |
− 2.7 (− 0.9) |
± |
2.1 (0.5) |
|
The total time of NREM sleep stage 1–3 (the ratio of NREM sleep stage 1–3) |
Min (%) |
252.4 (68.6) |
± |
11.7 (1.4) |
1.8 (− 1.5) |
± |
18.0 (1.4) |
− 20.0 (− 1.8) |
± |
14.3 (1.3) |
|
The total time of REM sleep (the ratio of REM sleep) |
Min (%) |
81.5 (21.9) |
± |
5.9 (1.2) |
− 0.9 (− 0.8) |
± |
6.7 (1.5) |
0.3 (1.6) |
± |
5.6 (1.4) |
| Awaking index | Times | 11.4 | ± | 1.1 | 2.7 | ± | 1.1* | 0.2 | ± | 1.0 |
| Wake after sleep onset (WASO) | Min | 35.6 | ± | 4.4 | 11.6 | ± | 6.9* | − 1.1 | ± | 4.1 |
| Sleep efficiency | % | 80.9 | ± | 2.9 | − 2.1 | ± | 3.4 | − 1.8 | ± | 2.3 |
| Delta power during first NREM | μV2 | 96270.1 | ± | 10609.4 | 14323.4 | ± | 8307.1* | − 19564.8 | ± | 11231.7 |
| Delta power during first NREM/min | μV2/min | 1495.6 | ± | 144.9 | 126.2 | ± | 107.1* | − 186.9 | ± | 168.4 |
| Delta power during NREM | μV2 | 269253.8 | ± | 29710.7 | 23817.1 | ± | 27443.6* | − 47071.9 | ± | 24713.5 |
| Delta power during NREM/min | μV2/min | 1068.6 | ± | 105.7 | 106.8 | ± | 103.8* | − 127.4 | ± | 81.7 |
Each value compared before and after treatment
EEG: electroencephalogram, REM: rapid-eye movement, NREM: non-rapid eye movement
All values are expressed as mean ± SE. *Intergroup comparison (p < 0.05, vs. placebo group)