Table 1. . Comparisons of characteristics between respondents with and without psychological distress (K6 score ≥5).
| <5 (n=484) | ≥5 (n=726) | χ2 | p* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | |||
| Sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 23 | 4.8 | 32 | 4.4 | 0.08 | 0.778 |
| Female | 461 | 95.2 | 694 | 95.6 | ||
| Age group (yr) | ||||||
| <30 | 134 | 27.7 | 236 | 32.5 | 8.21 | 0.042 |
| 30−39 | 112 | 23.1 | 182 | 25.1 | ||
| 40−49 | 98 | 20.2 | 148 | 20.4 | ||
| ≥50 | 140 | 28.9 | 160 | 22.0 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 296 | 61.2 | 343 | 47.2 | 22.55 | <0.001 |
| Single, divorced, or widowed | 188 | 38.8 | 383 | 52.8 | ||
| Having a preschool child | ||||||
| Yes | 90 | 18.6 | 106 | 14.6 | 3.41 | 0.065 |
| No | 394 | 81.4 | 620 | 85.4 | ||
| Educational status (yr) | ||||||
| <16 | 361 | 74.6 | 538 | 74.1 | 0.04 | 0.851 |
| ≥16 | 123 | 25.4 | 188 | 25.9 | ||
| Household income (Japanese Yen/yr) | ||||||
| <5 million | 178 | 36.8 | 358 | 49.3 | 20.84 | <0.001 |
| 5−10 million | 197 | 40.7 | 222 | 30.6 | ||
| ≥10 million | 49 | 10.1 | 56 | 7.7 | ||
| Unknown | 60 | 12.4 | 90 | 12.4 | ||
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Smoking habit | ||||||
| Yes | 21 | 4.3 | 40 | 5.5 | 0.83 | 0.362 |
| No | 463 | 95.7 | 686 | 94.5 | ||
| Drinking habit | ||||||
| Yes | 232 | 47.9 | 318 | 43.8 | 2 | 0.157 |
| No | 252 | 52.1 | 408 | 56.2 | ||
| Exercise habit | ||||||
| Yes | 114 | 23.6 | 154 | 21.2 | 0.92 | 0.337 |
| No | 370 | 76.4 | 572 | 78.8 | ||
| Sleep hours per day | ||||||
| ≥6 | 322 | 66.5 | 390 | 53.7 | 19.68 | <0.001 |
| <6 | 162 | 33.5 | 336 | 46.3 | ||
| Work-related factors | ||||||
| Type of childcare facility | ||||||
| Nursery school | 365 | 75.4 | 570 | 78.5 | 2.25 | 0.522 |
| Kindergarten | 69 | 14.3 | 90 | 12.4 | ||
| Certified kodomo-en | 44 | 9.1 | 61 | 8.4 | ||
| Unknown | 6 | 1.2 | 5 | 0.7 | ||
| Type of employment | ||||||
| Regular employment | 370 | 76.4 | 570 | 78.5 | 0.715 | 0.398 |
| Non-regular employment | 114 | 23.6 | 156 | 21.5 | ||
| Job title | ||||||
| Managerial position | 45 | 9.3 | 34 | 4.7 | 10.13 | 0.002 |
| Non-managerial position | 439 | 90.7 | 692 | 95.3 | ||
| Overtime work | ||||||
| Yes | 155 | 32 | 298 | 41 | 10.09 | 0.002 |
| No | 329 | 68 | 428 | 59 | ||
| Supervisor support (JCQ) | ||||||
| ≥Median | 388 | 80.2 | 421 | 58 | 64.45 | <0.001 |
| <Median | 96 | 19.8 | 305 | 42 | ||
| Coworker support (JCQ) | ||||||
| ≥Median | 398 | 82.2 | 456 | 62.8 | 52.75 | <0.001 |
| <Median | 86 | 17.8 | 270 | 37.2 | ||
| Work engagement (UWES) | ||||||
| ≥Median | 320 | 66.1 | 331 | 45.6 | 49.21 | <0.001 |
| <Median | 164 | 33.9 | 395 | 54.4 | ||
| Effort-reward ratio (ERIQ) | ||||||
| ≤1 | 405 | 83.7 | 361 | 49.7 | 144.12 | <0.001 |
| >1 | 79 | 16.3 | 365 | 50.3 | ||
JCQ: Job Content Questionnaire; UWES: Utrecht Work Engagement Scale; ERIQ: Effort-Reward Imbalance Model Questionnaire.
*The differences were tested by χ2 test.