Fig. 1.

Neurofeedback experimental design with pre- and post-intervention resting-state fMRI scans. All PTSD patients were compared to healthy controls at baseline with regard to resting-state fMRI network connectivity. PTSD patients were randomly allocated in a double-blind manner to either the active experimental group or sham-control group. Pre- versus post-intervention changes in resting-state fMRI network connectivity was compared for the experimental and sham-control groups. Here, all resting-state fMRI connectivity analyses consisted of group comparisons with regard to the data driven DMN and SN networks generated from the independent component analysis (spatial depiction of networks shown in the lower right panel). Clinical information was collected at baseline, post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up. Acronyms: EEG-NFB = electroencephalogram neurofeedback intervention, PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder, RSNs = resting-state networks, DMN = default mode network, SN = salience network.