Table 2.
Bivariate association between poor-SRH, low ADL and low IADL by background characteristics among older adults in India.
| Background characteristics | Poor-SRH |
Low ADL |
Low IADL |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (%) |
Women (%) |
Women-Men (%) |
Men (%) |
Women (%) |
Women-Men (%) |
Men (%) |
Women (%) |
Women-Men (%) |
|
| P < 0.05 | P < 0.05 | P < 0.05 | |||||||
| Experienced violence | |||||||||
| No | 51.2 | 57.6 | 6.4* | 5.5 | 8.8 | 3.3* | 55.5 | 55.8 | 0.3 |
| Yes | 58.9 | 64.7 | 5.8* | 8.2 | 9.1 | 0.9 | 59.6 | 65.4 | 5.8* |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 60-69 | 46.3 | 52.8 | 6.5* | 2.5 | 4.1 | 1.6* | 48.2 | 45.8 | −2.4 |
| 70-79 | 59.3 | 65.1 | 5.7* | 7.4 | 11.4 | 4.1* | 62.3 | 70.3 | 8.0* |
| 80+ | 66.1 | 73.5 | 7.4* | 20.6 | 29.5 | 8.9* | 84.4 | 86.6 | 2.2 |
| Educational status | |||||||||
| No education | 59.3 | 62.0 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 10.0 | 2.9 | 71.8 | 68.4 | −3.5* |
| Below 5 years | 55.8 | 58.4 | 2.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 0.0 | 57.1 | 45.1 | −12.0* |
| 6–10 Years | 45.6 | 43.5 | −2.2 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 1.5* | 47.1 | 24.7 | −22.3* |
| 11+ years | 39.2 | 46.2 | 7.0* | 3.1 | 5.8 | 2.7 | 27.2 | 21.8 | −5.3 |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Not in union | 59.2 | 61.9 | 2.7 | 9.8 | 10.8 | 0.9 | 66.1 | 61.9 | −4.2 |
| Currently in union | 50.7 | 53.0 | 2.3* | 5.0 | 5.8 | 0.8 | 54.1 | 49.1 | −5.0* |
| Working status | |||||||||
| No | 55.6 | 59.5 | 3.9* | 8.6 | 9.8 | 1.2 | 63.1 | 59.5 | −3.6 |
| Yes | 46.4 | 49.6 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 0.6 | −0.8 | 44.7 | 35.9 | −8.8* |
| Community involvement | |||||||||
| No | 61.8 | 65.8 | 3.9 | 15.6 | 18.9 | 3.3* | 68.6 | 76.1 | 7.5* |
| Yes | 50.2 | 56.0 | 5.8* | 3.9 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 53.6 | 50.6 | −3.0 |
| Trust over someone | |||||||||
| No | 59.1 | 61.6 | 2.5 | 11.3 | 10.3 | −1.1 | 66.9 | 66.0 | −0.9 |
| Yes | 50.8 | 57.6 | 6.8* | 4.8 | 8.5 | 3.6* | 54.1 | 54.7 | 0.6 |
| Living arrangement | |||||||||
| Alone | 56.8 | 56.6 | −0.2 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 41.4 | 34.9 | −6.6 |
| With spouse | 48.6 | 52.4 | 3.7* | 4.4 | 2.5 | −1.9 | 54.4 | 37.2 | −17.2* |
| With children | 52.3 | 59.0 | 6.7* | 6.3 | 10.2 | 3.9* | 56.8 | 62.5 | 5.7* |
| Others | 59.3 | 63.6 | 4.3 | 6.4 | 12.1 | 5.8* | 56.3 | 60.9 | 4.6* |
| Chronic morbidity | |||||||||
| No | 37.9 | 43.4 | 5.5* | 2.1 | 3.8 | 1.7* | 54.8 | 52.3 | −2.6 |
| Yes | 60.8 | 65.6 | 4.8* | 8.1 | 11.2 | 3.1* | 56.7 | 59.1 | 2.5* |
| Disability | |||||||||
| No | 31.0 | 37.0 | 6.0* | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 50.2 | 43.1 | −7.1* |
| Yes | 60.6 | 65.9 | 5.3* | 7.9 | 11.3 | 3.4* | 58.3 | 61.7 | 3.4* |
| Wealth index | |||||||||
| Poorest | 59.1 | 64.1 | 5.0 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 0.8 | 69.0 | 66.2 | −2.8 |
| Poorer | 53.7 | 57.9 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 9.5 | 4.3* | 57.8 | 60.3 | 2.4 |
| Middle | 50.9 | 55.7 | 4.9* | 7.4 | 8.4 | 1.0 | 58.3 | 52.0 | −6.3* |
| Richer | 45.5 | 52.0 | 6.4* | 4.0 | 9.0 | 5.1* | 51.0 | 51.3 | 0.3 |
| Richest | 49.3 | 61.3 | 12.0* | 4.2 | 9.0 | 4.7* | 38.0 | 49.7 | 11.7* |
| Religion | |||||||||
| Hindu | 49.8 | 55.7 | 5.8* | 5.9 | 8.4 | 2.5* | 57.2 | 57.0 | −0.2 |
| Muslim | 60.8 | 70.7 | 9.9* | 7.3 | 15.1 | 7.8* | 52.3 | 60.8 | 8.5* |
| Sikh | 63.5 | 68.3 | 4.8* | 4.4 | 6.8 | 2.4 | 61.2 | 62.0 | 0.9 |
| Others | 56.0 | 65.7 | 9.7 | 3.8 | 9.0 | 5.2* | 24.2 | 36.6 | 12.4* |
| Caste | |||||||||
| Scheduled Caste | 57.5 | 62.6 | 5.1 | 6.9 | 8.7 | 1.8* | 60.3 | 65.7 | 5.4* |
| Scheduled Tribe | 44.4 | 48.2 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 1.1 | 63.0 | 64.9 | 1.9 |
| Other Backward Class | 50.2 | 55.8 | 5.6* | 6.6 | 8.4 | 1.8* | 56.8 | 49.6 | −7.2* |
| Others | 51.8 | 60.3 | 8.5* | 4.5 | 9.7 | 5.2* | 51.8 | 58.1 | 6.4* |
| Place of residence | |||||||||
| Rural | 53.7 | 60.0 | 6.2* | 6.2 | 9.1 | 2.8* | 57.7 | 60.9 | 3.2 |
| Urban | 47.1 | 54.1 | 7.0* | 4.5 | 8.2 | 3.6* | 50.8 | 45.8 | −5.0 |
| State | |||||||||
| Kerala | 62.5 | 70.5 | 8.0* | 5.2 | 12.8 | 7.6* | 65.2 | 33.9 | −31.3 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 42.1 | 50.2 | 8.1* | 5.0 | 9.8 | 4.8* | 44.3 | 64.0 | 19.7* |
| Punjab | 63.2 | 69.6 | 6.3* | 3.8 | 6.4 | 2.6* | 40.5 | 60.7 | 20.3 |
| West Bengal | 75.0 | 80.5 | 5.6* | 9.3 | 12.9 | 3.6* | 36.3 | 74.4 | 38.1* |
| Orissa | 46.1 | 48.9 | 2.8 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 0.7 | 33.8 | 76.1 | 42.3* |
| Maharashtra | 38.0 | 44.0 | 6.0 | 4.5 | 3.8 | −0.7 | 56.4 | 51.4 | −5.0* |
| Tamil Nadu |
43.6 |
48.3 |
4.7 |
4.4 |
6.8 |
2.4 |
35.0 |
42.1 |
7.1* |
| Total | 52.0 | 58.4 | 6.4* | 5.8 | 8.8 | 3.0* | 56.0 | 56.9 | 0.9* |
%: Percentage; *if p < 0.05.
SRH: Self-Rated Health (coded in binary form i.e. poor “poor or Fair” and good “Excellent, very good and good”).
ADL: Activities of Daily living (coded in binary i.e. low “scores of 5 or less” and high “scores 6+”).
IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily living (coded in binary i.e. low “scores of 5 or less” and high “scores 6+”).