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. 2020 Nov 25;12:100702. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100702

Table 5.

Logistic regression estimates for low psychological health, low subjective well-being and low cognitive ability by background characteristics among older adults in India.

Background characteristics Low Psychological health
 Low subjective well-being
 Low cognitive ability
Model-1
 Mode-2
 Model-1
 Mode-2
 Model-1
 Mode-2
AOR [95% CI) AOR [95% CI) AOR [95% CI) AOR [95% CI) AOR [95% CI) AOR [95% CI)
Experienced violence
 No Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes 1.97*(1.65,2.35) 1.62*(1.36,1.92) 0.79(0.45,1.15)
Age (years)
 60-69 Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 70-79 1.22*(1.08,1.39) 1.22*(1.08,1.39) 1.26*(1.11,1.43) 1.26*(1.11,1.43) 1.5*(1.34,1.68) 1.5*(1.34,1.68)
 80+ 1.52*(1.27,1.83) 1.53*(1.27,1.84) 1.56*(1.31,1.87) 1.58*(1.32,1.89) 2.17*(1.8,2.61) 2.18*(1.81,2.62)
Gender
 Men Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Women 0.86*(0.75,0.99) 0.95(0.83,1.09) 1.13*(1,1.27)
Educational status
 No education Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Below 5 years 0.73*(0.63,0.85) 0.73*(0.63,0.85) 0.73*(0.63,0.84) 0.73*(0.63,0.85) 0.65*(0.57,0.74) 0.65*(0.57,0.74)
 6–10 Years 0.47*(0.39,0.56) 0.47*(0.39,0.56) 0.5*(0.43,0.6) 0.5*(0.43,0.6) 0.39*(0.34,0.45) 0.39*(0.34,0.45)
 11+ years 0.33*(0.24,0.46) 0.33*(0.24,0.45) 0.35*(0.25,0.47) 0.34*(0.25,0.46) 0.2*(0.16,0.25) 0.2*(0.16,0.25)
Marital status
 Not in union Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Currently in union 1(0.87,1.16) 1(0.87,1.16) 0.96(0.84,1.1) 0.96(0.84,1.1) 0.93(0.83,1.05) 0.93(0.83,1.05)
Working status
 No Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes 0.79*(0.68,0.91) 0.79*(0.68,0.91) 0.8*(0.69,0.92) 0.8*(0.7,0.92) 0.87*(0.77,0.98) 0.87*(0.77,0.98)
Community involvement
 No Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes 0.63*(0.56,0.72) 0.63*(0.56,0.72) 0.59*(0.52,0.67) 0.59*(0.52,0.67) 0.68*(0.6,0.78) 0.68*(0.6,0.78)
Trust over someone
 No Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes 0.69*(0.59,0.79) 0.68*(0.59,0.79) 0.61*(0.53,0.71) 0.61*(0.53,0.7) 0.74*(0.64,0.85) 0.74*(0.64,0.85)
Living arrangement
 Alone Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 With spouse 0.78(0.59,1.03) 0.79(0.6,1.04) 1.09(0.83,1.43) 1.11(0.85,1.45) 0.97(0.75,1.24) 0.97(0.76,1.25)
 With children 1.06(0.84,1.34) 1.07(0.84,1.35) 1.07(0.85,1.35) 1.09(0.87,1.37) 1.11(0.89,1.38) 1.12(0.9,1.39)
 Others 1.26(0.94,1.69) 1.28(0.95,1.71) 1.25(0.94,1.66) 1.28(0.96,1.7) 1.18(0.9,1.54) 1.19(0.9,1.55)
Chronic morbidity
 No Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes 1.52*(1.33,1.72) 1.52*(1.33,1.73) 1.47*(1.3,1.66) 1.47*(1.3,1.66) 1.33*(1.2,1.48) 1.33*(1.2,1.48)
Disability
 No Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Yes 2.71*(2.31,3.19) 2.71*(2.31,3.19) 2.03*(1.76,2.35) 2.04*(1.76,2.35) 1.58*(1.42,1.77) 1.58*(1.42,1.77)
Wealth index
 Poorest Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Poorer 0.99(0.84,1.16) 0.99(0.84,1.16) 0.73*(0.62,0.85) 0.72*(0.62,0.84) 1.03(0.88,1.21) 1.03(0.87,1.21)
 Middle 0.83(0.69,1.01) 0.83(0.69,1.01) 0.51*(0.43,0.62) 0.51*(0.43,0.62) 0.85(0.71,1.01) 0.85(0.71,1.01)
 Richer 0.68*(0.55,0.84) 0.68*(0.55,0.84) 0.43*(0.35,0.53) 0.43*(0.35,0.52) 0.61*(0.51,0.74) 0.61*(0.51,0.74)
 Richest 0.5*(0.39,0.64) 0.5*(0.39,0.64) 0.28*(0.22,0.36) 0.28*(0.22,0.36) 0.56*(0.45,0.68) 0.56*(0.45,0.68)
Religion
 Hindu Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Muslim 1.23(0.98,1.55) 1.23(0.98,1.54) 1.18(0.95,1.47) 1.18(0.95,1.46) 0.95(0.77,1.17) 0.95(0.77,1.16)
 Sikh 1.01(0.68,1.5) 1.01(0.68,1.51) 1.16(0.82,1.64) 1.16(0.82,1.65) 0.96(0.76,1.21) 0.96(0.76,1.21)
 Others 0.93(0.68,1.28) 0.92(0.67,1.27) 1.09(0.81,1.46) 1.07(0.79,1.44) 1.29*(1.01,1.64) 1.28*(1.01,1.64)
Caste
 Scheduled Caste Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Scheduled Tribe 0.87(0.68,1.12) 0.88(0.68,1.13) 0.86(0.67,1.1) 0.86(0.67,1.11) 1.02(0.8,1.31) 1.02(0.8,1.31)
 Other Backward Class 0.82*(0.69,0.97) 0.82*(0.7,0.97) 1.02(0.87,1.2) 1.03(0.88,1.21) 0.99(0.85,1.15) 0.99(0.85,1.15)
 Others 0.83*(0.71,0.98) 0.83*(0.71,0.98) 0.83*(0.71,0.97) 0.83*(0.71,0.97) 0.95(0.83,1.1) 0.96(0.83,1.1)
Place of residence
 Rural Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Urban 0.96(0.84,1.08) 0.96(0.84,1.08) 1.16*(1.03,1.31) 1.16*(1.03,1.31) 0.92(0.82,1.02) 0.92(0.82,1.02)
State
 Kerala Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Himachal Pradesh 1.1(0.85,1.42) 1.1(0.85,1.43) 0.88(0.68,1.13) 0.88(0.68,1.13) 0.43*(0.35,0.52) 0.43*(0.35,0.52)
 Punjab 0.44*(0.3,0.65) 0.44*(0.3,0.65) 0.62*(0.44,0.87) 0.62*(0.44,0.87) 0.49*(0.38,0.62) 0.49*(0.38,0.62)
 West Bengal 2.14*(1.68,2.74) 2.15*(1.68,2.75) 4.24*(3.36,5.35) 4.25*(3.37,5.37) 2.19*(1.75,2.75) 2.2*(1.75,2.75)
 Orissa 2.39*(1.87,3.04) 2.38*(1.87,3.04) 1.62*(1.28,2.05) 1.61*(1.27,2.04) 0.7*(0.57,0.86) 0.7*(0.57,0.86)
 Maharashtra 1.22(0.96,1.56) 1.22(0.95,1.56) 2.18*(1.75,2.73) 2.19*(1.75,2.74) 0.49*(0.41,0.6) 0.49*(0.41,0.6)
 Tamil Nadu 5.47*(4.28,6.99) 5.47*(4.28,7) 2.32*(1.83,2.94) 2.32*(1.83,2.94) 0.31*(0.25,0.38) 0.31*(0.26,0.38)
Gender # experienced violence
 Men # yes Ref. Ref. Ref.
 Men # no 0.63*(0.48,0.81) 0.9(0.7,1.17) 1.39*(1.1,1.76)
 Women # no 0.51*(0.39,0.67) 0.79(0.61,1.03) 1.54*(1.21,1.97)
 Women # yes 1.18*(1.06,1.63) 1.70*(1.24,2.33) 1.32*(1.04,1.79)

*if p < 0.05; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; #: Interaction term; Ref: Reference.

Psychological health: General Health Scale (coded in binary form i.e. low “scores 5 or less” and high “scores more than 6”).

Subjective well-being: Subjective Well-Being (coded in binary form i.e. low “scores of 5 or less” and high “scores 6+”).

Cognitive ability (coded in binary i.e. low “scores of 4 or less” and high “scores 5+”).