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. 2020 Dec 1;10:20760. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77273-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Study area and stork movement tracks. Overland and overwater movements of individual white storks during post-breeding (southbound) migration across the straits of Gibraltar. Red lines depict the itineraries considered for the comparison of overland vs oversea flight performance, and magenta lines show other portions of the same-day tracks. The dotted area depicts the European hinterland, and the yellow circles show the average population position across three sequential migratory milestones, namely: entry to the European hinterland pre-cross, departure from the European shore, and arrival at the African shore post-cross. Map generated with ArcGIS 10.5 software (ESRI, Redland, USA), country limits background generated from GDAM data (freely available for academic use in https://gadm.org/data.html), and composition assembled with Adobe Photoshop CS3 software.