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. 2020 Dec 1;11:6149. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19918-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Gating strategy to identify the pDC population within PBMCs: pDCs are characterized by the lack of expression of lineage markers (CD3, CD19, CD56, CD14, CD11c), intermediate to high expression of HLA-DR, high expression of CD123 (IL-3R) and CD303 (BDCA-2). b Average percentage of pDCs in PBMCs of age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC; n = 37), At-Risk individuals (At-Risk; n = 64), patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; n = 81) and primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS; n = 21). c–f Association between the percentage of pDCs in PBMCs and type I IFN activity in the blood (IFN score A) in HC, At-Risk, SLE, and pSS. g Percentage of pDCs in PBMCs in SLE patients with inactive and active disease. h Percentage of pDCs in PBMCs in SLE patients treated with or without hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). i Percentage of pDCs in PBMCs in SLE patients treated with other immunosuppressants (MTX = methotrexate, AZA = azathioprine, MMF = mycophenolate mofetil). j Association between the percentage of pDCs in PBMCs and the dose of prednisolone in patients with SLE. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. ns = not significant; ****P < 0.0001. Two-way ANOVA (b), nonlinear regression (c–f and j), unpaired two-tailed t-test (g–i).