Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Total | Euhydration | Dehydration | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 89 | 74 | 15 | |
| Age, years | 87.8 ±6.4 | 87.5 ± 6.4 | 89.3 ± 6.2 | 0.33 |
| Male, n (%) | 15 (16.9%) | 12 (16.2%) | 3 (20.0%) | 0.71 |
| Level of care need (n = 85) | 0.26 | |||
| Support level, n (%) | 15 (17.6%) | 11 (15.5%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
| Care level, n (%) | 70 (82.4%) | 60 (84.5%) | 10 (71.4%) | |
| DSS | 1.00 | |||
| Low DSS, n (%) | 17 (19.1%) | 14 (18.9%) | 3 (20.0%) | |
| High DSS, n (%) | 72 (80.9%) | 60 (81.1%) | 12 (80.0%) | |
| CCI | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 1.9 | 0.27 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 50 (56.2%) | 38 (51.4%) | 12 (80.0%) | 0.049 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 16 (18.0%) | 13 (17.6%) | 3 (20.0%) | 0.73 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 10 (11.2%) | 8 (10.8%) | 2 (13.3%) | 0.67 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 62.0 ± 24.3 | 64.4 ± 24.9 | 50.1 ±17.5 | 0.036 |
| History of falling, n (%) (n = 79) | 27 (34.2%) | 23 (34.8%) | 4 (30.8%) | 1.00 |
| History of fracture, n (%) (n = 85) | 8 (9.4%) | 7 (9.9%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1.00 |
| History of syncope, n (%) (n = 85) | 2 (2.4%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0.30 |
| History of hospitalization, n (%) (n = 87) | 10 (11.5%) | 9 (12.3%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1.00 |
| Constipation, n (%) (n = 85) | 62 (72.9%) | 50 (70.4%) | 12 (85.7%) | 0.33 |
| CFS, median (quartile) (n = 88) | 6 (4-7) | 7 (4-7) | 5 (3-7) | 0.078 |
| Barthel Index (n = 87) | 49.8±33.3 | 49.3 ± 33.0 | 52.5±36.3 | 0.75 |
| Diuretics use, n (%) | 24 (27.0%) | 18 (24.3%) | 6 (40.0%) | 0.21 |
| Medication numbers | 6.7 ± 3.3 | 6.5 ± 3.1 | 7. 5± 3.9 | 0.30 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (n = 81) | 20.9 ± 3.1 | 20.4 ± 2.9 | 23.4 ± 3.1 | <0.01 |
| BMI ≥ 25, n (%) (n = 81) | 6 (7.4%) | 1 (1.5%) | 5 (35.7%) | <0.01 |
| MNA-SF (n = 82) | 8.8 ± 2.6 | 8.6 ± 2.5 | 10.0 ± 2.4 | 0.059 |
| Dry tongue, n (%) (n = 88) | 29 (33.0%) | 24 (32.9%) | 5 (33.3%) | 0.97 |
| Dry axilla, n (%) | 16 (18.0%) | 13 (17.6%) | 3 (20.0%) | 0.73 |
| Poor skin turgor, n (%) | 20 (22.5%) | 17 (23.0%) | 3 (20.0%) | 1.00 |
| Prolonged CRT, n (%) (n = 87) | 22 (25.3%) | 20 (27.8%) | 2 (13.3%) | 0.34 |
| BUN/Cr ratio | 24.5 (8.8) | 24.0 ± 8.4 | 27.0 ± 10.8 | 0.24 |
| Serum osmolality, mOsm/kg | 288.5 ± 6.1 | 286.7 ± 4.8 | 297.5 ± 2.7 | |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 0.15 |
Data presented as mean ± SD. DSS, Dysphagia Severity Scale; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale; BMI, body mass index; MNA-SF, Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; Extend CRT, extend capillary refill time; BUN/Cr, blood urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio.