Table 2. Association Between Adolescent Occupational Expectations and Dying by Suicide or Drug Poisoning in Adulthood Among 11 680 Participants in the High School and Beyond Studya.
| Variable | Suicide | Drug poisoning | Chronic liver disease | Heart disease | Cancer | Other disease | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subhazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Subhazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Subhazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Subhazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Subhazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Subhazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
| Subbaccalaureate occupational expectation | ||||||||||||
| Decreasing | 2.91 (1.07-7.88) | .04 | 2.62 (1.15-5.94) | .02 | 1.49 (0.39-5.74) | .56 | 1.19 (0.62-2.27) | .60 | 0.52 (0.26-1.04) | .07 | 0.82 (0.55-1.24) | .35 |
| Increasing | 1.51 (0.51-4.43) | .45 | 1.22 (0.35-4.23) | .76 | 2.40 (0.54-10.71) | .45 | 0.89 (0.43-1.82) | .75 | 0.75 (0.37-1.55) | .44 | 0.80 (0.46-1.40) | .44 |
| No advanced math | 2.29 (0.98-5.36) | .06 | 3.16 (1.05-9.50) | .04 | 0.32 (0.05-1.94) | .21 | 1.26 (0.66-2.43) | .48 | 2.97 (1.47-5.99) | .002 | 1.34 (0.85-2.13) | .21 |
| Test scores | 1.06 (0.998-1.12) | .06 | 1.03 (0.95-1.12) | .48 | 0.99 (0.89-1.09) | .80 | 0.97 (0.93-1.01) | .16 | 1.01 (0.96-1.06) | .68 | 0.99 (0.96-1.03) | .71 |
| Church attendance | 1.29 (0.65-2.53) | .46 | 0.50 (0.16-1.54) | .23 | 1.07 (0.31-3.64) | .91 | 0.93 (0.51-1.70) | .83 | 0.86 (0.48-1.54) | .61 | 1.00 (0.64-1.54) | .99 |
| Overweight | 0.61 (0.17-2.24) | .46 | 0.90 (0.26-3.13) | .87 | 1.22 (0.20-7.36) | .83 | 2.58 (1.42-4.69) | .002 | 1.77 (0.89-3.54) | .11 | 1.40 (0.87-2.27) | .17 |
| Depressive thoughts | 2.11 (0.95-4.67) | .07 | 2.15 (0.70-6.61) | .18 | 0.95 (0.30-3.01) | .93 | 0.81 (0.45-1.47) | .49 | 0.76 (0.44-1.31) | .32 | 1.11 (0.71-1.73) | .64 |
| Locus of control | 1.10 (0.54-2.24) | .80 | 0.60 (0.32-1.12) | .11 | 1.13 (0.64-1.97) | .68 | 1.19 (0.76-1.85) | .46 | 1.14 (0.71-1.83) | .60 | 1.06 (0.78-1.44) | .71 |
| Parents’ highest education | ||||||||||||
| Some college | 0.90 (0.40-2.04) | .80 | 3.53 (1.30-10.00) | .02 | 1.71 (0.35-8.47) | .51 | 0.99 (0.57-1.71) | .96 | 1.17 (0.65-2.11) | .61 | 0.80 (0.52-1.25) | .34 |
| ≥Bachelor degree | 0.89 (0.34-2.28) | .80 | 5.33 (1.77-16.08) | .003 | 10.48 (2.42-45.43) | .002 | 1.31 (0.68-2.56) | .42 | 0.51 (0.22-1.20) | .12 | 0.80 (0.50-1.29) | .36 |
| Race | ||||||||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.84 (0.33-2.13) | .71 | 1.22 (0.26-5.62) | .80 | 0.96 (0.20-4.66) | .96 | 1.46 (0.78-2.73) | .24 | 0.73 (0.34-1.59) | .43 | 1.43 (0.89-2.30) | .14 |
| Hispanic | 0.66 (0.29-1.54) | .34 | 1.95 (0.76-5.01) | .17 | 4.57 (1.59-13.07) | .005 | 0.76 (0.36-1.61) | .48 | 0.61 (0.32-1.16) | .13 | 1.88 (1.17-3.02) | .009 |
| Other | 0.74 (0.10-5.47) | .77 | 0.30 (0.05-1.70) | .18 | 1.72 (0.27-10.98) | .57 | 0.76 (0.32-1.79) | .53 | 1.50 (0.30-7.45) | .62 | 2.37 (0.85-6.62) | .10 |
| Urbanicity | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 1.45 (0.58-3.65) | .43 | 1.19 (0.28-5.18) | .81 | 0.50 (0.09-2.69) | .42 | 0.79 (0.40-1.57) | .51 | 0.87 (0.38-1.98) | .74 | 1.31 (0.76-2.23) | .33 |
| Suburban | 1.13 (0.53-2.44) | .75 | 3.33 (1.16-9.60) | .03 | 0.31 (0.07-1.31) | .11 | 0.63 (0.33-1.20) | .16 | 0.77 (0.41-1.45) | .42 | 1.02 (0.65-1.60) | .92 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||||
| <High school | 1.20 (0.23-6.30) | .83 | 3.83 (0.80-18.27) | .09 | 2.50 (0.39-15.84) | .33 | 1.66 (0.40-6.83) | .48 | 0.85 (0.32-2.27) | .75 | 2.25 (0.97-5.25) | .06 |
| Some college | 1.69 (0.77-3.70) | .19 | 2.01 (0.75-5.39) | .16 | 0.54 (0.11-2.68) | .45 | 1.14 (0.61-2.13) | .69 | 1.02 (0.55-1.90) | .95 | 1.06 (0.69-1.62) | .79 |
| ≥Bachelor degree | 0.50 (0.10-2.44) | .39 | 1.71 (0.32-9.28) | .53 | 0.38 (0.03-4.48) | .44 | 0.51 (0.17-1.54) | .23 | 0.44 (0.14-1.35) | .15 | 0.29 (0.12-0.69) | .005 |
| Member of senior cohort | 0.79 (0.39-1.61) | .52 | 1.54 (0.66-3.61) | .32 | 1.80 (0.52-6.20) | .35 | 1.39 (0.86-2.25) | .18 | 1.15 (0.63-2.11) | .65 | 1.41 (1.06-1.89) | .02 |
a
US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, High School and Beyond Panel Sample including men who survived to 1992, excluding those who had no occupational expectations and those who expected not to work at age 30, matched to mortality records.