Table 3.
Echocardiographic parameters in normotensive women with singleton (n = 44) and twin (n = 22) pregnancies
| 2nd trimester | 3rd trimester | PP1 | PP2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singleton pregnancies (women tested) | (n = 42) | (n = 42) | (n = 41) | (n = 41) |
| Twin pregnancies (women tested) | (n = 18) | (n = 21) | (n = 22) | (n = 22) |
| LVDd, mm | SP 46.0 (3.1) | 46.2 (3.3) | 47.0 (3.5) | 45.4 (3.4) |
| TP 45.4 (2.5) | 45.6 (4.1) | 47.2 (2.9) | 44.0 (3.1) | |
| LV ejection fraction (LVEF), % | SP 64.8 (4.3) | 62.5 (4.1) † | 63.6 (4.4) | 61.8 (4.0) † |
| TP 65.7 (4.3) | 63.1 (6.0) | 65.3 (4.3) | 62.6 (5.4) | |
| Shortening fraction, % | SP 35.5 (3.2) | 33.6 (3.2) † | 34.6 (3.6) | 33.1 (3.2) † |
| TP 36.6 (3.4) | 33.3 (4.6) † | 35.3 (4.7) | 33.4 (3.6) | |
| LV mass (LVM), g | SP 102.8 (19.0) | 113.7 (23.6) | 118.2 (26.1) † | 102.7 (23.9) |
| TP 96.4 (12.9) | 115.8 (15.6) † | 126.3 (19.4) *† | 94.5 (13.8) | |
| LVM/BSA (LVMI), g/m2 | SP 63.6 (10.0) | 68.8 (12.5) | 73.1 (14.1) † | 64.6 (13.0) |
| TP 61.8 (7.6) | 71.3 (8.4) † | 80.9 (11.6) *† | 62.6 (7.4) | |
| LA diameter PLAX, mm | SP 31.9 (3.6) | 32.3 (3.8) | 33.6 (3.9) † | 30.6 (3.8) |
| TP 31.4 (3.4) | 33.7 (3.3) | 34.3 (3.8) † | 29.1 (3.8) † | |
| Maximum LA volume, mL | SP 38.6 (9.2) | 40.2 (9.6) | 45.9 (11.1) † | 36.5 (9.8) |
| TP 40.3 (9.2) | 45.7 (12.9) | 51.0 (15.4) † | 32.2 (10.8) | |
| Maximal LA volume/BSA (LAVI), mL/m2 | SP 23.9 (5.2) | 24.4 (5.7) | 28.4 (6.1) † | 22.9 (5.3) |
| TP 25.8 (5.4) | 28.0 (7.2) * | 32.4 (8.9) *† | 21.2 (6.6) | |
| Inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter, mm | SP 13.6 (3.5) | 10.9 (3.0) † | 17.0 (4.0) † | 15.3 (3.5) |
| TP 11.2 (3.4) * | 9.3 (3.4) | 15.8 (4.9) † | 13.0 (5.1) * | |
| Stroke volume, mL | SP 68.2 (8.0) | 65.8 (10.0) | 74.5 (8.6) † | 67.2 (8.5) |
| TP 67.0 (9.7) | 75.7 (12.5) | 74.0 (14.0) | 61.5 (8.4) * | |
| Cardiac output (CO), L/min | SP 5.5 (0.8) | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.7 (0.9) | 4.6 (0.7) † |
| TP 5.2 (0.9) | 5.6 (1.1) | 4.9 (0.9) * | 4.3 (0.9) † | |
| CO/BSA (CI), L/min/m2 | SP 3.4 (0.4) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.4) † |
| TP 3.3 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.6) * | 2.8 (0.5) † | |
| Systemic vascular resistance, dyn∙s/cm5 | SP 1072 (143) | 1157 (234) | 1058 (195) | 1441 (234) † |
| TP 1065 (233) | 1066 (268) | 1222 (258) * | 1529 (325) † | |
| Mitral inflow parameters | ||||
| E, cm/s | SP 74 (15) | 71 (18) | 87 (16) † | 69 (13) |
| TP 84 (18) * | 79 (22) | 92 (16) | 67 (14) † | |
| A, cm/s | SP 53 (11) | 56 (11) | 58 (12) | 52 (12) |
| TP 53 (10) | 60 (9) | 54 (14) | 48 (11) | |
| E/A | SP 1.5 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) |
| TP 1.6 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.3) † | 1.8 (0.6) | 1.4 (0.3) | |
| Pulmonary vein inflow parameters | ||||
| S/D | SP 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.3) |
| TP 1.0 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | |
| TDI mitral annulus | ||||
| Average | ||||
| s’ ave., cm/s | SP 11.3 (2.1) | 11.5 (2.5) | 10.6 (1.7) | 10.1 (1.9) † |
| TP 10.6 (1.9) | 10.6 (1.6) | 9.4 (1.2) *† | 8.8 (1.0) *† | |
| e’ ave. (e’), cm/s | SP 15.5 (2.2) | 13.8 (2.1) † | 14.5 (2.1) | 13.6 (2.0) † |
| TP 14.8 (2.3) | 13.3 (1.7) | 13.7 (2.0) | 14.2 (1.8) | |
| a’ ave., cm/s | SP 9.9 (1.8) | 10.5 (2.0) | 10.8 (2.3) | 9.3 (2.0) |
| TP 10.3 (2.6) | 11.0 (1.5) | 9.4 (2.2) * | 8.5 (1.8) † | |
| E/e’ average (E/e’) | SP 4.9 (1.1) | 5.3 (1.6) | 6.1 (1.2) † | 5.1 (1.0) |
| TP 5.9 (1.6) * | 6.0 (1.6) | 6.9 (1.5) * | 4.8 (0.9) | |
Data are presented as means (SD); *, P < 0.05 vs. the value of singleton pregnancy. †, P < 0.05 vs. value of the same group determined in the 2nd trimester
A Late diastolic mitral flow velocity, a’ ave. Average of late diastolic septal and lateral mitral annular velocity, BSA Body surface area, D Anterograde diastolic pulmonary venous flow velocity, E Early diastolic mitral flow velocity, e’ ave. Average of early diastolic septal and lateral mitral annular velocity, LA Left atrium, LV Left ventricle, LVDd LV end-diastolic dimension, PLAX From parasternal long-axis view, s’ ave. Average of systolic septal and lateral mitral annular velocity, S Systolic pulmonary venous flow velocity, SP Singleton pregnancies, TDI Tissue Doppler imaging, TP Twin pregnancies