Table 3.

Simple binary logistic regression of socio-demographics and pregnancy-related variables associated with caesarean deliveries

	PDHS 1990–91 (n = 4029)			PDHS 2006–07 (n = 5721)			PDHS 2012–13 (n = 7461)			PDHS 2017–18 (n = 8287)
	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Socio-demographics
Mother’s age at birth (in years)
Less than 18	1			1			1			1
18–20	1.07	0.62–1.84	0.822	1.80	1.30–2.50	< 0.001	1.66	1.31–2.10	< 0.001	1.77	1.46–2.14	< 0.001
21–24	1.96	1.26–3.02	< 0.001	2.08	1.40–3.08	< 0.001	2.74	2.23–3.37	< 0.001	2.72	2.29–3.23	< 0.001
More than 24	1.78	1.05–3.04	< 0.001	2.60	1.91–3.55	< 0.001	5.00	4.04–6.19	< 0.001	5.10	4.28–6.07	< 0.001
Children birth order
1	5.38	2.94–9.83	< 0.001	0.46	0.30–0.71	< 0.001	5.06	3.95–6.48	< 0.001	5.00	3.97–6.29	< 0.001
2–3	3.04	1.68–5.51	< 0.001	2.58	1.83–3.66	< 0.001	3.43	2.71–4.33	< 0.001	4.24	3.41–5.27	< 0.001
4–5	2.68	1.44–4.98	< 0.001	1.82	1.31–2.54	< 0.001	1.56	1.19–2.04	< 0.001	2.80	2.18–3.60	< 0.001
More than 6	1			1			1			1
Mother’s education
No education	1			1			1			1
Primary	3.78	2.18–6.56	< 0.001	2.85	2.15–3.77	< 0.001	2.66	2.15–3.29	< 0.001	2.23	1.85–2.69	< 0.001
Middle	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.52	2.74–4.52	< 0.001	–	–	–
Secondary	8.46	5.60–12.78	< 0.001	4.81	3.74–6.19	< 0.001	5.22	4.26–6.40	< 0.001	4.05	3.49–4.69	< 0.001
Higher	14.19	6.94–29.01	< 0.001	8.31	6.23–11.09	< 0.001	7.86	6.51–9.49	< 0.001	7.51	6.45–8.76	< 0.001
Mother’s occupation
Not working	1			1			1			1
Unskilled	0.47	0.07–3.43	0.457	0.55	0.27–1.14	< 0.001	0.76	0.60–0.96	< 0.001	0.75	0.33–1.67	0.479
Skilled	0.69	0.37–1.29	0.241	0.44	0.03–0.59	< 0.001	0.36	0.25–0.51	< 0.001	0.79	0.65–0.97	< 0.001
Professional/Technical/Managerial	3.81	1.47–9.84	< 0.001	2.92	1.81–4.69	< 0.001	2.15	1.53–3.02	< 0.001	2.72	2.10–3.53	< 0.001
Wealth index
Poorest	–	–	–	1			1			1
Poorer	–	–	–	1.22	0.71–2.09	0.475	2.66	2.15–3.29	< 0.001	1.67	1.31–2.13	< 0.001
Middle	–	–	–	3.02	1.89–4.84	< 0.001	3.52	2.74–4.52	< 0.001	3.51	2.79–4.41	< 0.001
Richer	–	–	–	6.43	4.14–9.97	< 0.001	5.22	4.26–6.40	< 0.001	6.25	5.01–7.80	< 0.001
Richest	–	–	–	13.14	8.60–20.08	< 0.001	7.86	6.51–9.49	< 0.001	10.30	8.29–12.80	< 0.001
Type of residence
Rural	1			1			1			1
Urban	4.50	2.88–7.06	< 0.001	0.37	0.30–0.45	< 0.001	2.43	2.12–2.78	< 0.001	0.48	0.43–0.54	< 0.001
Region
Baluchistan	1			1			1			1
Islamabad Capital Territory	–	–	–				0.06	0.04–0.10	< 0.001	0.31	0.23–0.40	< 0.001
Punjab	0.15	0.05–0.41	< 0.001	0.62	0.49–0.78	< 0.001	0.71	0.56–0.89	< 0.001	0.82	0.71–0.96	< 0.001
Sindh	0.73	0.49–1.11	0.140	0.36	0.26–0.49	< 0.001	0.66	0.52–0.83	< 0.001	0.25	0.20–0.30	< 0.001
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	0.43	0.23–0.71	0.001	0.18	0.10–0.30	< 0.001	0.20	0.15–0.27	< 0.001	0.14	0.10–0.18	< 0.001
Gilgit Baltistan	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.16	0.11–0.23	< 0.001	1.03	0.84–1.27	0.761
AJK	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.76	0.63–0.91	< 0.001
FATA	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.09	0.06–0.13	< 0.001
Pregnancy-related variables
Pregnancy complication
No	–	–	–	1			1			–	–	–
Yes	–	–	–	2.20	1.78–2.72	< 0.001	1.68	1.45–1.94	< 0.001	–	–	–
Number of antenatal care visits
None	1			1			1			1
1–3	5.08	2.97–9.68	< 0.001	3.05	2.17–4.28	< 0.001	6.21	4.15–9.31	< 0.001	6.31	4.15–9.61	< 0.001
4 and above	9.70	6.01–15.72	< 0.001	5.76	4.63–7.15	< 0.001	25.40	17.22–37.47	< 0.001	23.36	15.52–35.18	< 0.001
Place of delivery
Public	1			1			1			1
Private	0.92	0.61–1.39	0.696	1.01	0.81–1.26	0.938	1.33	1.14–1.54	< 0.001	1.85	1.64–2.09	< 0.001
Size of the baby at birth
Below average	1			1			1			1
Normal	1.08	0.38–3.07	0.888	0.81	0.63–0.99	< 0.001	1.29	0.95–1.75	0.103	1.10	1.26	0.180
Number of children
1–2	0.34	0.21–0.53	< 0.001	0.21	0.15–0.27	< 0.001	0.24	0.20–0.29	< 0.001	0.27	0.23–0.32	< 0.001
3–4	0.72	0.48–1.09	0.116	0.60	0.48–0.75	< 0.001	0.60	0.52–0.70	< 0.001	0.72	0.64–0.82	< 0.001
5 and above	1			1			1			1
Pregnancy ever terminated
No	–	–	–	1			1			1
Yes	–	–	–	1.12	0.90–1.40	0.310	1.11	0.97–1.28	0.136	1.06	0.80–1.41	0.675