Table 4.

Multivariable logistic regression of socio-demographics and pregnancy-related variables associated with caesarean deliveries

	PDHS 1990–91 (n = 4029)			PDHS 2006–07 (n = 5721)			PDHS 2012–13 (n = 7461)			PDHS 2017–18 (n = 8287)
	AOR	95% CI	p-value	AOR	95% CI	p-value	AOR	95% CI	p-value	AOR	95% CI	p-value
Socio-demographics
Mother’s age at birth (in years)
Less than 18	–	–	–	1			1
18–20	–	–	–	1.26	0.85–1.85	0.250	1.10	0.84–1.44	0.511	1.12	0.90–1.41	0.315
21–24	–	–	–	1.31	0.81–2.22	0.267	1.40	1.09–1.78	< 0.001	1.30	1.06–1.60	< 0.001
More than 24	–	–	–	1.30	0.89–1.92	0.179	1.73	1.37–2.24	< 0.001	1.79	1.43–2.22	< 0.001
Children’s birth order
1	5.99	0.89–40.18	0.650	0.90	0.46–1.77	0.758	1.17	0.67–2.04	0.590	0.13	0.07–0.22	< 0.001
2–3	7.30	1.48–36.02	0.151	2.04	1.09–3.80	< 0.001	0.90	0.54–1.50	0.676	0.13	0.07–0.23	< 0.001
4–5	8.10	1.54–37.04	0.104	1.63	1.00–2.66	< 0.001	0.70	0.46–1.06	0.090	0.11	0.06–0.20	< 0.001
6 and above	1			1			1			1
Mother’s education
No education	1			1			1			1
Primary	1.91	0.59–6.15	0.279	1.28	0.86–1.91	0.219	1.04	0.80–1.35	0.788	0.86	0.68–1.08	0.182
Middle	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Secondary	4.93	1.97–12.34	< 0.001	1.21	0.81–1.80	0.353	1.04	0.81–1.34	0.740	1.09	0.89–1.34	0.387
Higher	8.60	2.00–36.92	< 0.001	0.99	0.56–1.73	0.985	1.12	0.84–1.48	0.440	1.35	1.07–1.69	< 0.001
Mother’s occupation
Not working	–	–	–	1			1			1
Unskilled	–	–	–	1.50	0.63–3.57	0.360	0.72	0.44–1.15	0.169	0.68	0.13–3.54	0.642
Skilled	–	–	–	0.89	0.58–1.36	0.583	1.06	0.80–1.42	0.671	1.09	0.74–1.62	0.659
Professional/Technical/Managerial	–	–	–	1.05	0.44–2.51	0.912	1.04	0.70–1.54	0.858	0.78	0.43–1.41	0.407
Wealth index
Poorest	–	–	–	1			1			1
Poorer	–	–	–	0.82	0.38–1.77	0.614	1.01	0.67–1.50	0.979	1.33	0.99–1.78	0.058
Middle	–	–	–	1.72	0.87–3.41	0.122	1.06	0.72–1.57	0.770	1.66	1.24–2.23	< 0.001
Richer	–	–	–	2.57	1.30–5.07	< 0.001	1.38	0.93–2.05	0.115	1.98	1.46–2.68	< 0.001
Richest	–	–	–	3.25	1.57–6.70	< 0.001	1.66	1.08–2.54	< 0.001	2.20	1.59–3.05	< 0.001
Type of residence
Rural	1			1			1			1
Urban	2.37	0.77–7.31	0.135	1.12	0.81–1.55	0.507	1.75	1.44–2.13	< 0.001	1.04	0.90–1.22	0.584
Region
Baluchistan	1			1			1			1
Islamabad Capital Territory	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.38	0.23–0.64	< 0.001	0.39	0.28–0.52	< 0.001
Punjab	0.30	0.07–1.38	0.122	0.69	0.49–0.96	< 0.001	1.95	1.48–2.57	< 0.001	0.88	0.73–1.07	0.209
Sindh	0.37	0.16–0.84	< 0.001	0.39	0.25–0.61	< 0.001	1.44	1.08–1.93	< 0.001	0.27	0.21–0.34	< 0.001
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	0.32	0.11–0.98	< 0.001	0.39	0.18–0.82	< 0.001	0.66	0.47–0.91	< 0.001	0.30	0.22–0.43	< 0.001
Gilgit Baltistan	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.47	0.30–0.73	< 0.001	0.70	0.54–0.89	0.004
AJK	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.80	0.64–1.00	0.054
FATA	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.18	0.11–0.28	< 0.001
Pregnancy-related variables
Pregnancy complication
No	–	–	–	1			1			–	–	–
Yes	–	–	–	1.80	1.34–2.42	< 0.001	1.31	1.11–1.55	0.001	–	–	–
Number of antenatal care visits
None	1			1			1			1
1–3	6.95	1.82–26.54	< 0.001	1.30	0.82–2.06	0.260	2.51	1.49–4.52	< 0.001	1.49	0.93–2.37	0.097
4 and above	9.64	2.61–35.61	< 0.001	2.26	1.64–3.11	< 0.001	4.24	4.67–6.42	< 0.001	2.21	1.39–3.52	< 0.001
Place of delivery
Public	–	–	–	–	–	–	1			1
Private	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.05	0.88–1.25	0.627	1.45	1.26–1.68	< 0.001
Size of the baby at birth
Below average	–	–	–	1			–	–	–	1
Normal	–	–	–	0.84	0.61–1.14	0.259	–	–	–	1.08	0.80–1.45	0.794
Number of children
1–2	1.22	0.30–4.93	0.785	1.00	0.72–1.62	0.930	0.70	0.44–1.13	0.148	0.08	1.44–1.67	< 0.001
3–4	0.74	0.30–1.84	0.518	0.98	0.65–1.47	0.924	1.09	0.86–1.80	0.486	1.00	0.83–1.21	0.971
5 and above	1			1			1			1
Pregnancy ever terminated
No	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Yes	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.79	0.57–1.11	0.550

Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to obtain AOR after entering all the independent variables simultaneously that were significant at level 0.05 in binary analysis