Table 3.

Baseline characteristics of surgical trainee group and outcomes of laparoscopic versus robotic surgical tasks

	Laparoscopic group (n = 10)	Robotic group (n = 10)	P
Trainee characteristics
Length of training (years)*	2·20(1·23)	2·20(1·03)	1·000§
Training Deanery			1·000 ‡
Newcastle	5	4
London	5	6
Sex ratio (M : F)	4 : 6	3 : 7	0·639 ‡
No. of laparoscopic cholecystectomies*
Performed as assistant	18·90(14·65)	21·80(17·13)	0·689§
Partially performed	5·20(8·04)	4·60(7·34)	0·864§
Wholly performed	1·10(2·08)	0·60(1·58)	0·552§
No. of robotic operations performed as assistant*	0·10(0·32)	0·10(0·32)	1·000§
Duration of previous laparoscopic simulation (h)*	2·00(1·25)	1·90(1·29)	0·862§
Cholecystectomy
Time to complete hepatocystic triangle dissection (min)* (n = 5)	28·42(6·15)	38·68(0·12)	0·089§
Time to complete gallbladder liver bed dissection (min)* (n = 5)	18·33(4·21)	30·55(5·97)	0·025§
GRS score†	20·00 (17·75–21·75)	24·50 (21·00–28·00)	0·007¶
Continuous suture closure
Time to complete closure of gastrostomy (min)*	33·25(8·42)	21·05(5·23)	0·001§
No. of continuous suture loops created†	5·00 (4·00‐6·00)	7·50 (6·75–8·25)	< 0·001¶
No. of continuous suture errors†	22·25 (20·75–25·25)	7·00 (4·75–9·63)	< 0·001¶
GRS score†	18·25 (15·88–20·63)	27·25 (22·00–28·25)	< 0·001¶
Interrupted suture anastomosis
Time to complete 6 interrupted sutures (min)*	36·89(5·52)	26·59(4·48)	< 0·001§
No. of interrupted suture errors†	29·50 (23·75–31·50)	8·25 (6·38–10·13)	< 0·001¶
GRS score†	17·50 (14·50–20·13)	27·50 (22·75–29·25)	< 0·001¶

Values are

^*mean(s.d.) and

^†median (i.q.r.). GRS, Global Rating Scale.

^‡Fisher's exact test,

^§Student's t test and

^¶Mann–Whitney U test.