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. 2020 Dec 2;18:377. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01836-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Epidemic curves of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections in humans and animal reservoirs by country and temporal distribution of sixty-six A(H5N1) serosurveys in human by type of exposure, 1997–2020. a Epidemic curve of lab-confirmed human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses. b Epidemic curve of lab-confirmed A(H5N1) outbreaks in poultry and wild birds. c Temporal distribution of the implementation of sixty-six A(H5N1) serological studies in poultry workers (PW), poultry cullers (PC), other occupationally exposed populations (OP), poultry-exposed residents (ER), exposed healthcare workers (HCW), household contacts (HC), social contacts (SC), other close contacts (OC), persons with both poultry and human exposures (MP), suspected mixed exposure population (SP), and general population (GP). In panel c, the color represents whether A(H5N1) virus infection occurred in humans, poultry, or wild birds occurred (red) or not (white) before or during the implementation of each study. The number below each symbol is the study reference number. The symbols in red color refer to A(H5N1) outbreaks that occurred in one of three species (i.e., humans, domestic poultry, or wild birds), while the human+chicken symbols together refer to A(H5N1) outbreaks that occurred in both humans and domestic poultry. Note that three multi-year cohort studies were classified as independent studies in panel c