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. 2020 Dec 2;18:377. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01836-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Seroprevalence of antibodies to avian influenza A (H5N1) virus estimated through random effects models by type of exposure and virus clade, using three antibody titer thresholds (World Health Organization recommended, modified World Health Organization recommended, and non-standardized antibody titer thresholds to define a seropositive result). World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations refer to a neutralizing (NT) antibody titer ≥ 1:80 with a positive result using a 2nd assay method, i.e., hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) (HAI antibody titer ≥ 1:160), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or western blot assay. The modified WHO definition of a seropositive result refers to an NT antibody titer ≥ 1:80 with a positive result using a 2nd confirmatory assay (i.e., HAI antibody titer ≥ 1:40, ELISA, or western blot assay). The non-standardized seropositive definition refers to criteria used to define a seropositive result other than the WHO or modified WHO definitions. Data are presented if A(H5N1) virus-specific antibodies were detected. a A(H5N1) virus antibody seroprevalence by type of exposure. b Changes in A(H5N1) virus antibody seroprevalence by type of exposure after excluding studies related to A(H5N1) outbreaks in Hong Kong in 1997. c A(H5N1) virus antibody seroprevalence by virus clade