Table 1.
Demographic features of the groups
| CONTROL (n = 25) |
GDM (n = 22) |
MACROSOMIA (n = 22) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 31.6 ± 4.03 | 32.55 ± 2.22 | 30.5 ± 4.01 | 10.168 |
| Parity (%) | ||||
| Multipara | 7 (28) | 8 (36.4) | 7 (31.8) | 40.828 |
| Primipara | 18 (72) | 14 (63.6) | 15 (68.2) | |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) Median (Q1–Q3) | 38.6(38.2–39.2) | 38.8(38.4–39.3) | 39.05(38.4–40) | 30.001** |
| Maternal Height (cm) | 166.28 ± 5,32 | 164.32 ± 5,18 | 168 ± 5.72 | 10.085 |
| Pre-gestational BMI (kg/m2) | 22.36 ± 2.73 | 23.5 ± 4.61 | 25.05 ± 5.12 | 30.276 |
| BMI before delivery (kg/m2) | 27.46 ± 2.69 | 28.7 ± 5.28 | 30.97 ± 5.11 | 10.022* |
| Maternal weight gain (kg) | 14 ± 2.84 | 14.18 ± 3.66 | 16.45 ± 5.62 | 30.186 |
| Infant’s gender (%) | ||||
| Female | 13 (52) | 11 (50) | 13 (59) | 20.816 |
| Male | 12 (48) | 11 (50) | 9 (41) | |
| Infant height (cm) | 49.84 ± 1,28 | 49.5 ± 1.74 | 51.18 ± 1.37 | 30.001** |
| Infant weight (gm) | 3183.6 ± 287.37 | 3325.23 ± 480.53 | 3931.82 ± 256.3 | 3<0.001** |
|
Infant weight (% percentile) |
57.8 ± 19.64 | 66.09 ± 27.92 | 96 ± 3.28 | 3<0.001** |
| Delivery method (%) | ||||
| Cesarean section | 19 (76) | 18 (81.8) | 22 (100) | 40.044 |
| Vaginal delivery | 6 (24) | 4 (18.2) | 0 (0) | |
| Indication for cesarean (%) | ||||
| Repeat cesarean | 5 (20) | 8 (36) | 7 (32) | |
| Maternal demand | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | |
| Malpresentation | 5 (20) | 2 (9) | 1 (5) | |
| Macrosomia | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 5 (22) | |
| CPD | 1 (4) | 4 (18) | 4 (18) | |
| Others | 13 (52) | 7 (32) | 4 (18) | |
Values are mean ± SD, median (Q1–Q3) or n (%) of cases in a group,
SD Standard deviation, Q1 25th percentile, Q3 75th percentile
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01
1ANOVA F test, 2 Pearson chi-square test, 3 Kruskal–Wallis H test, 4 Fisher’s eExact test