Table 1.

General properties, advantages, and drawbacks of some carbon nanomaterials [83,84,85].

Entry	Carbon Nanomaterial	Properties	Advantages	Drawbacks
1	Carbon dot	D 1 = 0, strong optical absorption in the UV region (260–320 nm)	Low toxicity, excellent photoluminescence, good hydrophilicity, small size (below 10 nm), easy synthesis, good electrochemiluminescence, high stability in physiological media, good fluorescent property, biocompatible	Low solubility in physiological media, aggregation
2	Fullerene	D = 0, H 2 = mostly sp2, E.S.A. 3 = 80–90, T.C. 4 = 0.4, E.C. 5 = 10−10, T 6 = elastic, hardness = hard	Low toxicity, biocompatible	Low solubility in physiological media, aggregation
3	Carbon nanotube	D = 1, H = mostly sp2, E.S.A. = ~1300, T.C. = 3500, E.C. = structure-dependent, T = flexible, elastic, hardness = hard	Low toxicity, high conductivity, high chemical stability and sensitivity, high electron-transfer rate, biocompatible, strong NIR light absorption	Low solubility in physiological media, aggregation, low homogeneous size
4	Graphene	D = 2, H = sp2, E.S.A. = ~1500, T.C. = 4850–5300, E.C. = ~2000, T = flexible, elastic, hardness = uppermost	Low toxicity, high sensitivity, large surface area, inherent size- and shape-dependent optical properties, unique physicochemical behavior, biocompatible	Low solubility in physiological media, aggregation

¹ D = dimensions, ² H = hybridization, ³ E.S.A. = experimental specific surface area (m² g⁻¹); ⁴ T.C. = thermal conductivity (W m⁻¹ K⁻¹); ⁵ E.C. = electrical conductivity (S cm⁻¹); ⁶ T = tenacity.