Table 5.

Parameters used for chlorin-based photosensitizers immobilized on graphene as a photosensitizer against cancer.

Entry	Carbon Material	Concentration	Irradiation	Incubation Time	Cancer Cell Lines	Results	Ref
1	Graphene oxide–polyethylene glycol–chlorin e6	0.00138–0.011 mg/mL	0.1 W/cm2 (10 min)	24 h	Human nasopharyngeal epidermal carcinoma KB cell line	~10% cell viability	[93]
2	Folic-acid-conjugated graphene oxide–chlorin e6	0–100 μM	~30 mW/cm2 (10 min)	48 h	MGC803 cells	~10% cell viability	[112]
3	Graphene oxide– polyvinylpyrrolidone–chlorin e6	0–50 µM	30 mW/cm2 (3 min)	24 h	MGC803 cells	complete cell killing	[113]
4	Graphene–chlorin e6	0–0.20 µg/mL	0.14 W/cm2 (2 min)	24 h	HeLa cells	Up to 100% cell killing	[114]
5	Graphene oxide– polyethylene glycol–chlorin e6	0.25–2 µM	0.2 W/cm2 (5 min)	24 h	HeLa cells	10% cell viability	[115]
6	Folic-acid-conjugated polyethylenimine–PEGylated graphene–chlorin e6	0.5–10 µg/mL	200 W/cm2 (5 min)	24 h	HeLa cells	~15% cell viability	[116]
7	PEGylated nanographene–chlorin e6	0–2.0 µM	0.1 W/cm2 (10 min)	24 h	4T1 cells	Complete cell killing	[117]
8	Graphene oxide– polyethylene glycol–chlorin e6	50 µmol/L	1.5 W at 808 nm	1 h	U87 cells	10% cell viability	[118]
9	Chlorin e6–PEG-conjugated graphene oxide	0–2.5 µg/mL	2.0 J/cm2	24 h	CCA cells	10% cell viability	[119]
10	Up-conversion nanoparticles–graphene oxide–chlorin e6	25–800 µg/mL	0.72 W/cm2 (10 min)	24 h	HeLa cells	15% cell viability	[86]
11	Graphene oxide–chlorin e6	1.0 µM	2 W/cm2 (15 min)	3–24 h	A549 cells	IC50 = 0.69 at 3 h	[120]