Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review.
| Study | Risk of bias scorea | Level of evidencea | Population | Sample size, n (male/female) | Age (years), mean (range) | Setting |
| [46]b | 6/10 | A2 | Patients with a skin condition | 104 (45/59) 57 (29/28; group 1) 47 (16/13; group 2) |
51.5 (20-89) 51.5 (19.3c; group 1) 51.4 (18.2c; group 2) |
Outpatient clinic |
| [20]d | 9/14 | C | Patients post-major gynecologic cancer surgery | 49 (0/49) | 56 (23-74) | –h |
| [45]b | 6/10 | B | Cardiology patients | – | – | Outpatient clinic |
| [31]d | 6/14 | C | People from Andalucia | 2493 | – | At home |
| [41]b | 3/10 B |
B | Patients who had undergone hand surgery | 468 (216/270) | 48.3 (18-91) | Private practice |
| [23]b | 4/10 | B | Patients in a cardiac, pulmonary, occupational, or cancer rehabilitation program | 126 (56/70) | 56.3 | Prior to rehabilitation at home |
| [49]b | 7/10 | B | Healthy aging adults | 49 (13/36) | 64 (57-71) | Research center |
| [28]d | 10/14 | B | Patients with a cancer diagnosis | 1484 (607/877) | 56.3 | Inpatient reference center |
| [47]b | 6/10 | B | Patients with rheumatoid arthritis | 40 (17/23) | 65 (44-83) | In the clinic |
| [26]d | 9/14 | B | Patients with adjuvant and metastatic breast cancer | 202 (0, 202) | 54 (20-85) | Outpatient visit |
| [34]d | 7/14 | C | Patients with cancer pain | – | – | Outpatient oncology clinic |
| [43]b | 4/10 | B | Patients with lung cancer | 148 (84/64) | 67 (35-81) | Community centers |
| [29]d | 9/14 | B | Patients with sickle cell disease | 15 (9/6) | 26 (16-54) | At home |
| [25]d | 8/14 | C | Patients with multiple sclerosis | 55 | 46.3 | At home |
| [51]b | 6/10 | B | Patients with asthma or rhinitis | 116 | 17-65e | Clinic visit |
| [48]b | 5/10 | B | Patients with THRf or TKPg | 100 (41/59) | 67 (36.7-88) | Outpatient clinic |
| [32]d | 7/14 | A2 | Patients with THR or TKP | 565 (198/367; THR) 387 (126/261; TKR) |
65.9 (10.6c; THR) 68.9 (9.7c; TKR) |
At home |
| [50]b | 8/10 | A2 | Healthy women referred for mammography | 533 (0/533) | 20-67e | At home |
| [21]d | 7/14 | C | Patients with epilepsy | 502 (272/230) | 27.98 (15-73) | At home |
| [44]b | 7/10 | A2 | Healthy adolescents | 591 (272/319) | 14 (13-17) | At school |
| [27]d | 9/14 | C | Geriatric patients (>70 years) with gastrointestinal cancer | 37 (17/20) | 77 (70-89) | Outpatient institute |
| [39]b | 7/10 | A2 | Adolescents | 933 (432/501) | 14.7 (13-17) | At school |
| [33]d | 9/14 | C | Ambulatory neurological patients | 323 (134/190) | 32.2 | Ambulatory clinic |
| [42]b | 6/10 | A2 | Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or spondyloarthritis | 153 (47/106) | 45.7 | Outpatient care center |
| [40]b | 6/10 | A2 | Patients with rheumatoid arthritis | 87 (29/58) | 14.7 (34-83) | Outpatient clinic |
| [37]b | 6/10 | B | Patients with axial spondyloarthritis | 55 (45/10) | 51 (34-63) | Outpatient clinic |
| [30]d | 6/14 | C | Dialysis patients | 66 | 66 (36-91) | Home dialysis units |
| [22]d | 10/14 | C | Patients with HIV | 42 (28/14) | 50 (26-66) | Outpatient clinic and at home |
| [35]b | 7/10 | A2 | Orthopedic patients (upper extremity, spine, or arthroplasty) | 483 (235/248) | 55.7 (14-93) | Three subspecialty services during outpatient visits |
| [38]b | 6/10 | A2 | Patients from an orthopedic clinic (spine, upper extremity, and trauma) | 308 | – | Outpatient clinic |
| [36]b | 7/10 | A2 | Healthy volunteers | 147 (68, 79) | 62.7 (49-75) | At home |
| [24]d | 8/14 | C | Cancer patients | 158 (116/42) | 51.9 (22-81) | clinic and home |
aBased on the Dutch Centraal BegeleidingsOrgaan-classificatiesysteem (CBO) [52].
bExperimental study.
cMean (SD).
dObservational study.
eRange.
fTHR: total hip replacement.
gTKR: total knee replacement.
hNot applicable.