TABLE 2:
Ground truth (GT) and estimated knee angles, and the root mean square error (RMSE) between knee angles, at four important phases of the gait cycle. Each walking speed is shown separately. The outlier subject is not included. One-way ANOVA tests were applied to determine if absolute errors differed between speeds.
| All Speeds (°) | Slow Speed (°) | Preferred Speed (°) | Fast Speed (°) | p-value (ANOVA) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GT | Est. | RMSE | GT | Est. | RMSE | GT | Est. | RMSE | GT | Est. | RMSE | ||
| Flexion at Heel Strike | −3.3±3.6 | 1.9±3.7 | 6.9 | −4.1±3.1 | 2.2±3.9 | 7.5 | −4.0 ± 3.4 | 1.4±3.6 | 7.1 | −1.6±3.8 | 2.1±3.4 | 5.8 | 0.09 |
| Peak Flexion during Stance | 11.3±6.5 | 12.8±6.4 | 4.7 | 8.5±5.7 | 10.5±6.4 | 4.9 | 11.4±4.9 | 12.9±4.6 | 4.0 | 15.2±7.1 | 15.9±7.0 | 5.2 | < 0.01 |
| Flexion at Toe-Off | 3.3±5.1 | 4.1±4.0 | 4.8 | 2.7±4.1 | 4.2±4.0 | 4.2 | 3.3±5.0 | 3.1±2.1 | 5.0 | 4.1±6.2 | 5.0±5.3 | 5.3 | 0.11 |
| Peak Flexion during Swing | 62.5±4.9 | 61.3±5.0 | 5.5 | 61.0±4.3 | 61.5±4.7 | 5.4 | 63.0±4.5 | 61.3±4.8 | 5.2 | 64.1±5.4 | 61.0±5.4 | 5.9 | < 0.05 |