Sperm-related genes and collagen and other cuticle-related genes are significantly upregulated in plp-1 mutants. (A) Bar graphs compare the groups of genes for which mRNA levels are significantly higher (left) or lower (right) in plp-1 mutants than in wild-type animals. The P-values for the enrichment are indicated in parentheses (Fisher's exact test used). The lists of genes are presented in Tables S7,S8. The mRNA levels were measured using high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. Total processed and mapped reads ranged from 43,557,204 to 60,518,575 among the six samples [three biological replicates each of plp-1(−) and wild type]. See Materials and Methods and Table S6 for more details. (B) Validation of the sequencing results. Transcript levels of 18 sperm-related genes, which were identified as upregulated by transcriptome sequencing, were quantitated using qRT-PCR. Error bars represent s.d. The P-values, indicated above the bars, were calculated by Student's t-test (paired, two-tailed).