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Schematic diagram demonstrating signaling pathways involved in Morphine‐ADEV‐mediated microglial activation. Morphine induces the expression of miR138 in morphine‐stimulated astrocyte‐derived EVs, which can be taken up by microglial cells. Morphine‐ADEVs containing miR138, in turn, activates the TLR7‐NF‐kB axis and induces the expression and release of IL6 / TNFα, ultimately leading to microglial activation.
