Table 1.

Neuroprotective effects of antioxidants in epileptic rodent models.

Category	Agent	Chemical structure	Model	Result	Reference
Mitochondrial antioxidants	MitoQ		Pilocarpine injection	Memory deficits↓ Neuronal damage↓ pCREB↑	[17]
	AEOL 11207		SOD2 (-/-) mice	Seizure frequency↓ Seizure duration↓ GSH↓ CII↑ Aconitase↑	[7]
Polyphenols	Curcumin		PTZ injection	Cognitive deficits↓ Cell loss↓ Lipid peroxidation↓ CI↑, CIV↑ GSH↑	[18]
	Resveratrol		Litium-pilocarpine injection	Superoxide production↓ 4-HNE↓ CI↑	[19]
	Lycopene		PTZ injection	Seizure score↓ CI↑, CII↑, CIV↑ GSH↑, SOD↑, CAT↑	[20]
Vitamins	Ascorbic acid		Kv1.1 (-/-) mice; KA injection	Seizure score↓ Mitochondrial respiration↑	[110]
	α-Tocopherol		Kv1.1 (-/-) mice; KA injection	Seizure score↓ Mitochondrial respiration↑	[110]
Thiols	NAC		Audiogenic rats; 50 Hz stimulation	Seizure score↓ Seizure frequency↓ Cognitive deficits↓ Neuron loss↓ CAT↑ GSH↑	[73, 111]
Nrf2 activators	RTA 408		KA injection	Seizure frequency↓ Mitochondrial depolarization↓ Neuronal death↓ ROS accumulation↓ KEAP1↓ Nrf2↑	[16, 84]
	Sulforaphane		6 Hz stimulation; fluorothyl injection; PTZ injection; pilocarpine injection	Seizure latency↑ CI↑, CII↑ SOD↑, CAT↑	[25]
Others	Melatonin		KA injection	Seizure severity↓ mtDNA damage↓ Lipid peroxidation↓ MDA↓ Seizure latency↑ SOD1↑, SOD2↑	[74, 112]
	CoQ10		PTZ injection	Kindling score↓ MDA↓ CI↑, CII↑, CIV↑ GSH↑, SOD↑, CAT↑	[28]
	DM		KA injection	Seizure severity↓ Neuronal degeneration↓ Mito-SOX↓	[4]
	GA		Litium-pilocarpine injection	Hippocampal damage↓ MDA↓ CIII↑ GSH↑, SOD↑	[29]
	ALLO		Pilocarpine injection	Cell death↓ mtDNA damage↓ ROS accumulation↓ SOD2↑	[30]

Note: MitoQ: mitoquinolmesylate; AEOL 11207: 5,15-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-10,20-bis-trifluoromethyl-porphyrinato manganese (III) chloride; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; RTA 408: omaveloxolone; CoQ10: coenzyme Q10; DM: dimethyl malonate; GA: glycyrrhizic acid; ALLO: allopregnanolone; PTZ: pentylenetetrazole; KA: kainic acid; GSH: glutathione; CI: complex I; CII: complex II; CIV: complex IV; MDA: malondialdehyde; 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ROS: reactive oxygen species.