Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of healthy controls and mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (M-COVID) or severe COVID-19 (S-COVID) patients.
| Parameter | M-COVID (n = 24) | S-COVID (n = 8) | HEALTHY (n = 14) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.2 ± 14.1 | 65.6 ± 6.5 | 56.3 ± 9.6 | 0.20 |
| Male n (%) | 13 (54) | 8 (100) | 6 (43) | 0.03 |
| SAP (mmHg) | 115 ± 14 | 131 ± 28 | 133 ± 22 | 0.01 |
| DAP (mmHg) | 69 ± 10 | 68 ± 15 | 80 ± 9 | 0.01 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 86 ± 11 | 89 ± 18 | 98 ± 11 | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 ± 5.5 | 29.5 ± 2.1 | N/D | 0.55 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 73 ± 13 | 93 ± 24 | N/D | 0.003 |
| SaO2 (%) | 96.4 ± 2.3 | 98.5 ± 1.8 | N/D | 0.02 |
| Hypertensionn (%) | 18 (75) | 8 (100) | N/A | 0.30 |
| Diabetes n (%) | 12 (50) | 5 (65.5) | N/A | 0.73 |
| Dyslipidemia n (%) | 7 (29.2) | 0 (0) | N/A | 0.15 |
| Smoking n (%) | 7 (29.2) | 2 (25) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Coronary artery disease n (%) | 17 (70.8) | 6 (75) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Valvular heart disease n (%) | 5 (20.8) | 0 (0) | N/A | 0.30 |
| Usual medications | ||||
| Angiotensin receptor blockers/ACE inhibitors n (%) |
14 (58.3) | 0 (0) | N/A | 0.004 |
| Beta-blockers n (%) | 21 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | N/A | 0.003 |
| Calcium channel blockers n (%) | 5 (20.8) | 1 (12.5) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Direct vasodilators n (%) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (12.5) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Nitrates n (%) | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Diuretics n (%) | 16 (66.7) | 2 (25) | N/A | 0.09 |
| Statins n (%) | 17 (70.8) | 1 (12.5) | N/A | 0.01 |
| Oral antidiabetic agents n (%) | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Insulin n (%) | 10 (41.7) | 7 (87.5) | N/A | 0.04 |
| Antiplatelet agents n (%) | 20 (83.3) | 2 (25.0) | N/A | 0.005 |
| Oral anticoagulant agents n (%) | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Inpatient management | ||||
| Antibiotics n (%) | 6 (25) | 5 (62.5) | N/A | 0.09 |
| Oseltamivir n (%) | 2 (8.3) | 1 (12.5) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Hydroxychloroquine n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Vasoactive amines n (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (62.5) | N/A | 0.0003 |
| Heparin n (%) | 20 (83.3) | 7 (87.5) | N/A | >0.99 |
| Supplementary oxygen (nasal cannula) n (%) |
5 (20.8) | 0 (0) | N/A | 0.30 |
| Mechanical ventilation n (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (87.5) | N/A | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Hematocrit (%) | 36.7 (33.6–40.1) | 24.2 (21.8–30.8) | N/D | <0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.9 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 1.7 | N/D | 0.0001 |
| Leukocytes (mm3) | 7687 ± 3267 | 11,774 ± 3237 | N/D | 0.004 |
| Platelets (mm3) | 238,297 ± 99,642 | 218,500 ± 107,980 | N/D | 0.64 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 4.2 (1.2–10.3) | 14.7 (5.6–27.6) | N/D | 0.02 |
| Glycemia (mg/dL) | 135 (125–175) | 168 (133–187) | N/D | 0.37 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 44 (29.5–77.5) | 117.5 (43.2–240.8) | N/D | 0.05 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.05 (0.86–1.61) | 1.99 (1.01–3.26) | N/D | 0.10 |
SAP, systolic arterial pressure; DAP, diastolic arterial pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; BMI, body mass index;SaO2, oxygen saturation; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; N/D, not determined; N/A, not applicable.
The results are presented as the mean ± SD or the median (25th–75th percentile) for values that follow or do not follow a Gaussian distribution, respectively (Shapiro-Wilk normality test).
P-values were estimated using two-tailed unpaired Student's t-tests (comparisons of two groups for parameters with Gaussian distribution), two-tailed unpaired Mann-Whitney tests (comparisons of two groups for parameters with non-Gaussian distribution), or chi-square (Fisher's exact test), for categorical parameters. The parameters evaluated in the three groups of individuals (M-COVID, S-COVID and HEALTHY) were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.