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. 2020 Nov 19;14:577935. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577935

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Copyright © 2020 Zeng, Zhang, Madigan, Fernando, Aggio-Bruce, Zhou, Pierce, Chen, Huang, Natoli, Gillies and Zhu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IRBP in normal and diseased retina. (a) The expression and functions of IRBP. IRBP is produced and secreted by photoreceptors. The main function of IRBP is to stabilize IPM, transport lipid between photoreceptors and the RPE and maintain the redox balance in the outer retina. (b) The regulation of IRBP. OTX2/CRX activates the expression of IRBP by binding to its promoter. (c) IRBP dysregulation and rod/cone degeneration under stress. It is proposed that stress activates Müller cells inhibiting the production of IRBP in photoreceptors, leading to the dysfunction of lipid transport, increased oxidative stress, and accumulation of retinoids (atROL). (IRBP, Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein; CRX, cone-rod-homeobox; OTX2, orthodenticle homolog 2; IPM, interphotoreceptor matrix; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; PR, photoreceptor; atROL, all-trans-retinol; 11cRAL, 11-cis-retinal).