. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ageing Res Rev. 2020 Oct 3;64:101191. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101191

Table 1.

Summary of tools and methods to study mitophagy in Alzheimer’s disease and other human diseases

	Methods	Comments
1.	qRT-PCR	Measuring mRNA expressions in mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial biogenesis, synaptic, autophagy and mitophagy genes.
2.	Western Blot	Measuring the protein levels in mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial biogenesis, synaptic, autophagy and mitophagy genes.
3.	Localization	Immunofluorescence analysis
4.	Transmission electron microscopy	Transmission electron microscopy of cellular organelles - Mitochondria Neurons Nucleus Cytoplasm Golgi body Lysosome Autophagosomes Chromatin structure Number of mitochondria Length of mitochondria Structure of the neuronal soma Synapse density
5.	Mitochondrial functional assays	H₂O₂ production Lipid peroxidation Cytochrome c oxidase activity ATP levels
6.	Mitochondrial membrane potential	Generated by proton pumps in electron transport chain (ETC) (Complexes I, III and IV).