Table 2.
Odds ratio of being low birth weight among most recent singleton births, India, NFHS-4 (2015–16).
| Characteristics | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | Model-4 | Model-5 | |
| Interpregnancy interval | |||||
| <6 | 1.26*(1.12,1.41) | 1.24*(1.09,1.40) | 1.24*(1.1,1.41) | 1.24*(1.09,1.40) | 1.19*(1.05,1.36) |
| 06–11 | 1.09(0.97,1.21) | 1.08(0.97,1.21) | 1.09(0.98,1.22) | 1.09(0.98,1.22) | 1.07(0.95,1.19) |
| 12–17 | 1.10(0.99,1.21) | 1.09(0.99,1.21) | 1.10(0.99,1.21) | 1.10(0.99,1.21) | 1.08(0.98,1.19) |
| 18-23 ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 24–29 | 1.05(0.93,1.18) | 1.05(0.93,1.18) | 1.03(0.92,1.17) | 1.04(0.92,1.17) | 1.05(0.93,1.18) |
| 30–35 | 1.04(0.85,1.28) | 1.05(0.86,1.28) | 1.04(0.84,1.27) | 1.04(0.85,1.28) | 1.04(0.86,1.27) |
| 36–41 | 0.98(0.82,1.16) | 1.00(0.84,1.19) | 0.99(0.83,1.18) | 0.99(0.83,1.18) | 1.02(0.86,1.22) |
| 42–47 | 1.02(0.80,1.30) | 1.06(0.82,1.35) | 1.07(0.83,1.37) | 1.08(0.84,1.38) | 1.12(0.87,1.44) |
| ≥48 | 1.19(0.79,1.79) | 1.20(0.80,1.79) | 1.14(0.77,1.71) | 1.16(0.78,1.73) | 1.28(0.85,1.92) |
| Mother's age at marriage | |||||
| <18 | 1.05(0.97,1.13) | 1.07(0.98,1.16) | 1.06(0.98,1.15) | 1.06(0.98,1.15) | |
| 18-24® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 25–29 | 1.17(0.99,1.37) | 1.14(0.97,1.34) | 1.14(0.97,1.34) | 1.17(0.99,1.38) | |
| ≥30 | 1.30(0.90,1.89) | 1.22(0.83,1.80) | 1.23(0.84,1.81) | 1.33(0.90,1.95) | |
| Mother's age at conception | |||||
| <20 years | 1.08(0.94,1.23) | 1.05(0.92,1.21) | 1.05(0.92,1.21) | 1.10(0.96,1.27) | |
| 20–24 years ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 25–29 years | 0.97(0.90,1.05) | 0.99(0.91,1.08) | 0.99(0.91,1.08) | 0.98(0.90,1.07) | |
| ≥30 years | 0.96(0.86,1.08) | 0.99(0.87,1.12) | 0.99(0.87,1.13) | 0.98(0.86,1.12) | |
| Mother's height | |||||
| <145 cm | 1.28*(1.16,1.41) | 1.27*(1.15,1.41) | 1.27*(1.15,1.41) | 1.34*(1.21,1.48) | |
| ≥145 cm ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Mother's Schooling | |||||
| No schooling | 1.59*(1.37,1.85) | 1.65*(1.41,1.93) | 1.57*(1.35,1.84) | 1.53*(1.30,1.81) | |
| Primary | 1.51*(1.29,1.78) | 1.58*(1.34,1.87) | 1.53*(1.29,1.81) | 1.46*(1.23,1.75) | |
| Secondary | 1.34*(1.16,1.55) | 1.38*(1.19,1.60) | 1.35*(1.17,1.57) | 1.32*(1.13,1.54) | |
| Higher ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Mother smokestobacco | |||||
| No ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 1.11(0.97,1.27) | 1.11(0.97,1.27) | 1.11(0.97,1.27) | 1.09(0.94,1.25) | |
| Previous pregnancy outcome | |||||
| Birth ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Abortion | 1.01(0.84,1.23) | 0.97(0.80,1.19) | 0.99(0.81,1.20) | 1.03(0.85,1.26) | |
| Miscarriage/termination | 1.09(0.97,1.21) | 1.00(0.87,1.15) | 1.01(0.88,1.15) | 1.02(0.89,1.17) | |
| Still birth | 1.08(0.85,1.37) | 0.99(0.77,1.28) | 0.99(0.77,1.29) | 1.03(0.80,1.33) | |
| Postpartum contraceptive useafter previous pregnancy outcome | |||||
| No | 1.02(0.93,1.13) | 1.01(0.92,1.11) | 0.99(0.90,1.10) | 1.02(0.92,1.12) | |
| Yes ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Birth order | |||||
| 1 | 1.16(0.94,1.42) | 1.19(0.97,1.46) | 1.18(0.97,1.45) | ||
| 2 | 1.05(0.94,1.16) | 1.06(0.96,1.19) | 1.05(0.95,1.17) | ||
| 3 | 0.93(0.84,1.03) | 0.94(0.85,1.04) | 0.94(0.84,1.04) | ||
| ≥4® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Indexbirthwanted | |||||
| No | 1.04(0.95,1.15) | 1.01(0.92,1.12) | 1.04(0.94,1.14) | ||
| Yes ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Index birth preterm | |||||
| No ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 2.12*(1.89,2.38) | 2.11*(1.88,2.37) | 2.16*(1.92,2.42) | ||
| ≥4 ANC Visits | |||||
| No | 0.99(0.93,1.07) | 1.01(0.93,1.08) | |||
| Yes ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥2 TT injections | |||||
| No | 1.22*(1.12,1.32) | 1.20*(1.11,1.31) | |||
| Yes ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Consumed≥100 day IFA tablets/equivalentsyrup | |||||
| No | 1.19*(1.09,1.30) | 1.18*(1.09,1.29) | |||
| Yes ® | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Wealth Quintiles | |||||
| Poorest | 1.29*(1.10,1.51) | ||||
| Poorer | 1.21*(1.04,1.40) | ||||
| Middle | 1.24*(1.07,1.43) | ||||
| Richer | 1.19*(1.04,1.36) | ||||
| Richest ® | 1.00 | ||||
| Religion | |||||
| Hindu | 0.99(0.74,1.35) | ||||
| Muslim | 0.90(0.66,1.23) | ||||
| Christian ® | 0.92(0.64,1.33) | ||||
| Others | 1.00 | ||||
| Caste | |||||
| Scheduled Caste | 0.99(0.88,1.13) | ||||
| Scheduled Tribe | 0.99(0.85,1.16) | ||||
| Other Backward Class | 0.96(0.86,1.06) | ||||
| Others ® | 1.00 | ||||
| Region | |||||
| North | 1.47*(1.30,1.67) | ||||
| Central | 1.18*(1.05,1.31) | ||||
| East | 0.76*(0.67,0.86) | ||||
| Northeast | 0.74*(0.62,0.87) | ||||
| West | 1.21*(1.05,1.41) | ||||
| South® | 1.00 | ||||
| Urban-ruralresidence | |||||
| Urban | 1.08(0.98,1.19) | ||||
| Rural ® |
1.00 |
||||
| Constant | 0.19*(0.18,0.21) | 0.13*(0.10,0.15) | 0.11*(0.09,0.14) | 0.10*(0.08,0.13) | 0.08*(0.05,0.12) |
Note: Model 1 includes IPI.
Model 2 includes IPI and maternal level variables.
Model 3 includes IPI, maternal level variables and child level variables.
Model 4 includes IPI, maternal level variables, child level variables and maternal and child care program variables.
Model 5 includes IPI, maternal level variables, child level variables and maternal and child care program variables and household level variables.