Figure 3.

Field-Relevant Concentrations of Imidacloprid Increase Sleep in Isolated Bumblebee Foragers

(A) Mean total sleep achieved for control Bombus terrestris foragers and those fed 1 μg/L (pale green line) or 10 μg/L (dark green line) imidacloprid (IM), per 30 min bin over the 24 h period.

(B) Mean total sleep (min) for each treatment group in the day (F_2,87 = 4.9, p = 0.010) and the night (F_2,87 = 4.1, p = 0.019).

(C) Mean number (No.) of sleep episodes initiated for each treatment group during the day (F_2,87 = 5.4, p = 0.006) and the night (F_2,87 = 0.490, p = 0.614).

(D) Mean sleep episode length for each treatment group during the day (F_2,87 = 1.7, p = 0.182) and the night (F_2,87 = 1.5, p = 0.238). Each data point in the histograms represents a single bee, n = 28–31 bees for each treatment.

Data are represented as mean ± SEM, ∗p ≤ 0.05, ∗∗p ≤ 0.01, tested via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons.