Figure 5.

Imidacloprid Reduces Foraging Rhythmicity and Activity in Bumblebee Foragers within the Colony in Constant Darkness

(A) Proportion of the B. terrestris foragers that were arrhythmic in DD on control food and food containing a field-relevant concentration of 10 μg/L imidacloprid (IM).

(B) Mean rhythmicity for foragers in each treatment group in DD conditions (t₁₂₅ = 2.2, p = 0.029).

(C) Mean activity for foragers in each treatment group in DD conditions, during the subjective day (t₁₆₉ = 1.6, p = 0.105) and night (t₁₁₄ = −2.0, p = 0.043). Each data point in the histograms represents a single bee, n = 53–73 bees for each treatment for rhythmicity, n = 74–100 bees for each treatment for activity.

Data are represented as mean ± SEM, ∗p ≤ 0.05, tested via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons.