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. 2020 Dec 2;10:20983. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77410-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sex bias in prevalence of (A) blood parasites and (B) gastrointestinal parasites in birds. Weighted average effect size estimates, showing lower and upper 95% confidence intervals in overall meta-analyses and broken down results according to parasite category (see Material and methods). The dashed vertical line indicates no sex difference, positive values represent male bias prevalence and negative values female bias. See Table 1 for statistics.