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. 2020 Dec 2;10:20983. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77410-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sex bias in annual mortality in relation to the sex bias in prevalence of (A) blood and (B) gastrointestinal parasites (see Table 2 for statistics). Sex bias in mortality was expressed as log(male mortality/female mortality), whereas the sex bias in parasite prevalence was expressed as the weighted average effect size of all comparisons (see Material and methods). Represented in colors are the avian orders with the greatest numbers of species in each of the analyses (full species list in supplementary material). Outliers are specified. Dashed lines indicate no sex difference, positive values represent male bias and negative values female bias.