TABLE 2.
Neurons derived from direct reprogramming technology.
| Transcription factors | Cell type | Techniques | Neurons type | In vitro/ in vivo | Efficiency | Functional or not | References |
| ASCL1, NGN2, SOX2, NURR1 and PITX3 | human fibroblasts | lentivirus | iN (mostly dopaminergic neurons) | in vivo | ∼80% | functional electrophysiology | Liu et al., 2011 |
| Ascl1, Brn2, Myt1l | mouse hepatocytes | lentivirus | iN | in vivo | >90% | functional electrophysiology | Marro et al., 2011 |
| Sox2 and Mash1 | pericyte-derived cells of the adult human cerebral cortex | retrovirus | GABAergic neurons | in vitro | ∼50% | these iN acquire the ability of repetitive action potential firing and serve as synaptic targets for other neurons | Karow et al., 2012 |
| Brn2, Myt1l, Zic1, Olig2, and Ascl1 | Mouse Embryonic fibroblasts | lentivirus | iN (mostly GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons) | in vitro | ∼50% | functional electrophysiology Synaptic maturation | Vierbuchen et al., 2010 |
| Ascl1, Brn2 and Myt1l | mouse embryonic and postnatal fibroblasts | lentivirus | iN (mostly excitatory neurons) | in vitro | 19.5% | functional electrophysiology Synaptic maturation | Vierbuchen et al., 2010 |
| Ascl1, Brn2 and Myt1l | mouse and human cells | viral delivery | neurons | in vivo | 20% | functional | Torper et al., 2013 |
| NeuroD1, Ascl1, Brn2, and Mytl1 | human fibroblasts | lentivirus | iN | in vitro | ∼60% | functional neurons | Pang et al., 2011 |
| Ascl1, Lmx1a, FoxA2, and FEV | human fibroblasts | Dox-inducible lentivirus | serotonergic (i5HT) neurons | in vitro | ∼25% | exhibited spontaneous electrophysiological activity and had active serotonergic synaptic transmission | Xu Z. et al., 2015 |
| Mash1, Nurr1 and Lmx1a | mouse and human fibroblasts | lentivirus | iN (mostly dopaminergic neurons) | in vitro | high | functional electrophysiology | Caiazzo et al., 2011 |
| NGN2 with (Forskolin and dorsomorphin) | human fetal lung fibroblasts | retrovirus | cholinergic neurons | in vitro | >90% | characteristic electrophysiological properties | Liu et al., 2013 |
| LDN193189, SB431542, TTNPB, Tzv, CHIR99021, VPA, DAPT, SAG, Purmo | Human astrocytes | with medium | Functional neurons (mainly glutamatergic neurons) | in vitro | >90% | functional | Zhang et al., 2015 |
| Forskolin, ISX9, CHIR99021 and SB431542 | mouse fibroblasts | with medium | iN | in vitro | >90% | functional electrophysiology | Li et al., 2015 |