TABLE 5.
Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients.
| Characteristics | olfactory or gustatory dysfunction |
p | |
| No n = 86 (%) | Yes n = 22 (%) | ||
| Age (years)a | 44.34 ± 15.62 | 41.68 ± 16.44 | 0.483α |
| Age groups | 0.455γ | ||
| [18–35] | 25 (71.4) | 10 (28.6) | |
| [35–45] | 16 (94.1) | 1 (5.9) | |
| [45–55] | 21 (80.8) | 5 (19.2) | |
| [55–65] | 16 (80.0) | 4 (20) | |
| ≥65 | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | |
| BMI (Kg/m2)a | 25.59 ± 4.78 | 25.26 ± 4.20 | 0.771α |
| BMI categories (n = 104)b | 0.942γ | ||
| Normal weight | 47 (81) | 11 (19) | |
| Overweight | 23 (76.7) | 7 (23.3) | |
| Obesity | 13 (81.3) | 3 (18.8) | |
| Sex | 0.633μ | ||
| Male | 44 (81.5) | 10 (18.5) | |
| Female | 42 (77.8) | 12 (22.2) | |
| Hb (g/dl)a | 13.91 ± 1.42 | 14.43 ± 1.49 | 0.135α |
| WBC count (/mm3)c | 6520 [4905–8055] | 5820 [4307.5–7395] | 0.282ß |
| Platelet count (/mm3)a | 238.37 ± 76 | 223.5 ± 82.24 | 0.422α |
| Blood glucose (g/l)c | 1.09 [0.94–1.24] | 1.1 [0.93–1.30] | 0.761ß |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 2.5 [0.98–14.57] | 1.79 [0.90–5.92] | 0.387ß |
| Ferritin (ng/ml)c | 135.7 [51.25–259.27] | 140.6 [57.52–226.1] | 0.749ß |
| CPK (IU/L)c | 98 [62.50–147.50] | 108 [70.50–162] | 0.371ß |
| LDH (IU/L)c | 204 [162.75–265.75] | 190.5 [178.50-.] | 0.900ß |
| Troponin (>14 ng/l)b | 4 (4.7) | 4 (18.2) | 0.032μ |
| D-dimer (>500 ng/ml)b | 7 (13.2) | 9 (40.9) | 0.008μ |
| AST (IU/L)c | 23 [19.75–34] | 24 [17.75–28.50] | 0.921ß |
| ALT (IU/L)c | 22.50 [15–39.25] | 22 [16.75–37.25] | 0.593ß |
| GGT (IU/L)c | 21 [15–54.50] | 21 [15–38] | 0.583ß |
| PT (%)a | 90.69 ± 12.38 | 94.54 ± 10.74 | 0.185α |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (a), as number and percent (b) or median and quartile (c). α: Student’s t test; ß: Mann-Whitney test; Ɣ: exact test of Fisher; μ: Pearson chi-square test. A value of p < 0.05 is considered significant. Hb, hemoglobin; WBC, White blood cell count; CRP, protein C reactive; CPK, creatinine phosphokinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenases; PCT, procalcitonin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase; PT, Prothrombin time. Reference intervals for normal subject: Hb: 13.4–17 g/dl (men), 11.5–15.5 g/dl (women); Platelet count: 161–398 × 103/mm3; WBC: 4050–11000/mm3; Lymphocyte count: 1241–3919/mm3; Blood glucose: 0.74–1.26 g/l; CRP: <5 mg/l; Ferritin: 30–400 ng/ml; CPK: <190 UI/l; LDH: <225 UI/l; Troponin: <14 ng/l; D-dimer: <500 ng/ml; AST: <40 UI/l; ALT: <401 UI/l; GGT: <60 UI/l; PT: 70–130%