Table 5.

Multivariable analysis of factors associated with depression in patients with UC

	PHQ-9: 5–9			PHQ-9 ≥10
	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Education level
University graduation or high	0.48	0.19–1.22	0.123	3.40	0.67–17.33	0.142
Married	1.00			1.00
Never married	1.26	0.47–3.41	0.647	2.62	0.73–9.46	0.142
Divorced/separated/widowed	7.72	1.90–31.41	0.004*	inf	inf	0.979
Anti-TNF-α	4.34	1.64–11.49	0.003*	0.88	0.16–4.81	0.884
History of steroid use	2.32	0.97–5.55	0.060	0.85	0.26–2.76	0.791
Age	0.93	0.89–0.97	0.002*	0.98	0.94–1.04	0.545
BMI	1.02	0.89–1.17	0.796	0.81	0.66–1.00	0.047*
	HADS-D: 8–10			HADS-D ≥11
	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Alcohol use	0.81	0.31–2.16	0.675	0.35	0.08–1.45	0.148
Married	1.00			1.00
Never married	0.60	0.22–1.65	0.321	3.83	1.18–12.42	0.026*
Divorced/separated/widowed	inf	inf	0.970	1.73	0.24–12.61	0.588
Employment status, working	0.84	0.30–2.38	0.740	0.45	0.14–1.43	0.175
Disease activity
Remission	1.00			1.00
Mild	0.56	0.20–1.59	0.276	0.22	0.05–1.10	0.065
Moderate to severe	0.91	0.27–3.09	0.883	0.67	0.15–2.95	0.600
Other (filgotinib, tofacitinib, ustekinumab, vedolizumab)	1.97	0.60–6.44	0.263	2.56	0.68–9.64	0.164
BMI	0.92	0.78–1.08	0.282	0.91	0.73–1.13	0.378

Multivariable analysis was performed after selecting variables with p<0.1 from univariate logistic regression analysis.

^*p<0.05, the references for comparative analysis were 0-4 for PHQ-9 and 0-7 for HADS-D.

UC: ulcerative colitis, PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, HADS: Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale, anti-TNF-α: anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha, BMI: body mass index, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, inf: infinite