Table 1.

The classification and introduction of EMNMs.

Types of EMNMs			Movement mechanism	Materials	Fuel	Motion environment	Motion speed	Application	Schematic diagram	Ref
Molecule motors and enzymes as motors			Synthesis and decomposition of ATP	Myosin, dynein and kinesin	ATP	–	–	–		16,17,18
			Synthesis and decomposition of ATP	ATP synthase	ATP	–	–	–		20
			Enzyme-enhanced diffusion	Urease	Urea	Water	–	–		24
			Enzyme-enhanced diffusion	DNA polymerase	Nucleotide	Buffer solution	–	Micro/nanopump		26
Single enzymatic reaction propelled EMNMs	Catalase		Bubbles propulsion	Ti/Au film	H2O2	Water	226.1 ± 21.1 μm/s in 1.5% H2O2	–		28
			Bubbles propulsion	Fpoly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and dextran	H2O2	Water	102.96 ± 2.08 μm/s in 4% H2O2	–		32
			Bubbles propulsion	Mesoporous silica	H2O2	Water	–	Drug delivery		34
			Bubbles propulsion	Organoclay/DNA semipermeable microcapsules	H2O2	Water	–	Motor functionalization		36
			Bubbles propulsion	Biotinylated polymer vesicles	H2O2	Water	–	Biomedical application		39
			Bubbles propulsion	Bovine serum albumin/poly- l-lysine (PLL/BSA) multilayer	H2O2	PBS solution	68 μm/s in 0.5% H2O2	Drug delivery		112
			Bubbles propulsion	Polymer capsules	H2O2	–	232 μm/s in 2% H2O2	Drug delivery		96
			Bubbles propulsion	Janus Au–mesoporous silica	H2O2	PBS solution	–	Drug delivery		113
			Bubbles propulsion	Metal–organic frameworks	H2O2	–	–	Drug delivery		37
			Bubbles propulsion	Polymersomes	H2O2	–	–	Drug delivery		33
			Bubbles propulsion	Polymer based bottlebrush	H2O2	a viscous tumor microenvironment gel model	–	Overcoming tissue penetration barrier		35
			Bubbles propulsion	PEDOT/Au bilayer microtubes	H2O2	Water	54.0 ± 3.5 μm/s in 2% H2O2	Biochemical sensing		29
			Bubbles propulsion	PEDOT/Au bilayer microtubes	H2O2	Water	380 μm/s in 2% H2O2	Biochemical sensing		120
			Bubbles propulsion	PEDOT/Au microtubes	H2O2	Water	411 ± 40 μm/s in 5% H2O2	Biochemical sensing		124
			Bubbles propulsion	PEDOT-PSS/Au microtubes	H2O2	Water	~51 μm/s in 0.25% H2O2	Biochemical sensing		30
			Bubbles propulsion	Multi-metallic (Au/Ag/Ni/Au)	H2O2	Water	~209 μm/s in 1.5% H2O2	Biochemical sensing		95
			Bubbles propulsion	Iron oxide particles	H2O2	Water	–	Biochemical sensing		125
			Bubbles propulsion	PSMA/PS mixtures	H2O2	PBS solution	19–69 μm/s in 3.5% H2O2	Biochemical sensing		127
			Bubbles propulsion	Silk fibroin	H2O2	–	–	Microstirrers		131
			Bubbles propulsion	Plant tissues	H2O2	Water	–	Environmental remediation		41
	Urease		Phoretic propulsion	Silica	Urea	Water	~5.25 μm/s in 0.1 mol/L urea	Biomedical application		42
			Phoretic propulsion	Mesoporous silica	Urea	Water	~8 μm/s in 0.05 mol/L urea	Drug delivery		15
			Phoretic propulsion	Protein	Urea	PB solution	2.7 ± 0.2 μm/s in 0.1 mol/L urea	Biomedical application		45
			Phoretic propulsion	Mesoporous silica	Urea	Water and ionic media	–	Drug delivery		43
			Phoretic propulsion	Mesoporous silica	Urea	Water and PBS	–	Drug delivery		44
			Phoretic propulsion	Mesoporous silica	Urea	Urine	–	Targeted bladder cancer therapy		117
			Phoretic propulsion	Platelet cell	Urea	PBS solution	–	Drug delivery		118
			Phoretic propulsion	Mesoporous silica	Urea	Ficoll solutions	–	Drug delivery		119
			Phoretic propulsion	Mesoporous SiO2	Urea	Water	6.49 μm/s in 0.05 mol/L urea solution	Photodynamic therapy		90
			Phoretic propulsion	Mesoporous silica	Urea	PBS solution	–	Biochemical sensing		126
	Other enzymes	ATPase	Phoretic propulsion	Phospholipid vesicles	ATP	Buffer solution	–	–		48
		Nicking enzyme	Nicking enzyme that cuts tracks	DNA and restriction enzyme	–	–	0.1 nm/s	–		51
		RNase H	Hydrolysis of hybridized RNA	DNA and RNA	RNase H	–	–	–		52
		Lipase	–	Mesoporous silica	triacetin	PBS solution	–	Environmental remediation		50
		GOx-Cat	Bubbles propulsion	Asymmetric polymersome	Glucose	–	–	Drug delivery		116
		Catalase, urease, lipase, GOx	–	–	H2O2, Urea, Glucose	–	–	Micropumps		128
Multiple enzymes		GOx bilirubin oxidase	Electrophoresis	Carbon fiber	Glucose	Buffer solution	~1 cm/s in 0.01 mol/L glucose	–		53
		GOx and catalase	Bubbles propulsion	Carbon nanotubes	Glucose	Water	–	–		55
		GOx and catalase	Bubbles propulsion	Colloids	Glucose	Buffer solution	–	Drug delivery		56
		GOx and catalase	Bubbles propulsion	Polymer	Glucose	–	~11 μm/s in 0.01 mol/L glucose	Drug delivery		57
		GOx and catalase	Bubbles propulsion	Polymer	Glucose	–	–	–		58
		GOx and catalase	Bubbles propulsion	Metal–organic frameworks	Glucose	–	–	Photodynamic therapy		59
		GOx and catalase	Bubbles propulsion	Carbonization of L-CNF	Glucose	Water	~0.4 μm/s in 0.01 mol/L glucose	–		60
		GOx and trypsin	Bubbles propulsion and phoretic propulsion	Inorganic substance	Glucose, BA-Rho-110	Water	0.72 μm/s in 0.4 mol/L glucose and 0.1 μmol/L BA-Rho-110 solution	–		61