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. 2020 Nov 19;11:585400. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585400

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Copyright © 2020 Pathmanathan, Galappaththige, Cordeiro, Kaboudian, Fenton and Gray.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Baseline spiral wave simulation using mean values of all parameters. A rotating spiral wave was induced on a square two-dimensional sheet by setting gradients in voltage and h at t = 0. (Top) Progression of the spiral wave at selected times (color represents transmembrane voltage). Number of phase singularities in snapshots: 40 ms: one; 350 ms: one; 670 ms: one; 1,000 ms: three; 1,500 ms: one; 2,000 ms: three. (Bottom) Transmembrane voltage as a function of time for the node at the center of the tissue.