Table 1.
Expression of Glypicans in Cancers.
| Glypican | Cancer Type | Sample Type | Aberrant Expression |
Sites and Localization | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mRNA | Protein | |||||
| GPC1 | Pancreatic cancer | Cells, tissues | Increase | Increase | Cancer cell, fibroblast | Kleeff et al., 199823 |
| Tissues | NA | Increase 56% (35/62) |
Cancer cell, fibroblast | Duan et al., 201324 | ||
| Tissues | NA | Increase 60% (111/186) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Lu et al., 201725 | ||
| Breast cancer | Cells, tissues | Increase | Increase | Cell membrane | Matsuda et al., 200127 | |
| Glioma | Cells | Increase | NA | NA | Su et al., 200628 | |
| Glioblastoma | Tissue | NA | Increase 51% (27/53) |
NA | Saito et al., 201729 | |
| Prostate cancer | Cells, tissues | Increase | Increase | Tumor stroma | Suhovskih et al., 201330 | |
| ESCC | Cells, tissues | NA | Increase 99% (172/175) |
Cell membrane | Hara et al., 201632 | |
| Uterine cervical cancer | Cells, tissues |
NA | Increase | Cell membrane | Matsuzaki et al., 201833 | |
| GPC2 | Pediatric cancers | Tissues | Increase | NA | Cell membrane | Orentas et al., 201250 |
| Neuroblastoma | Cells, tissues | NA | Increase 52% (13/25) |
Cell membrane | Li et al., 201712 | |
| Neuroblastoma | Cells, tissues | Increase | Increase 93% (91/98) |
Cell membrane | Bosse et al., 201713 | |
| Medulloblastoma | Cells, tissues | Increase | Increase 90% (57/63) |
Cell membrane | Bosse et al., 201713 | |
| GPC3 | HCC | Tissues | Increase 75% (143/191) |
NA | NA | Hsu et al., 199765 |
| Tissues | NA | Increase 72% (21/29) |
Cell membrane | Capurro et al., 200366 | ||
| Tissues | NA | Increase 64% (140/220) |
NA | Baumhoer et al., 200867 | ||
| Tissues | Increase | Increase 76% (36/47) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Libbrecht et al., 200669 | ||
| Tissues | NA | Increase 60% (24/40) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Li et al., 2020133 | ||
| LSCC | Tissues | Increase | Increase 55% (17/31) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Aviel-Ronen et al., 200877 | |
| Melanoma | Cells, tissues | Increase | Increase | Cytoplasm | Nakatsura et al., 200478 | |
| Merkel cell carcinoma | Tissues | NA | Increase 55% (17/31) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | He et al., 200979 | |
| OCCC | Tissues | NA | Increase 44% (41/94) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Maeda et al., 200980 | |
| Thyroid cancer | Tissues | Increase | Increase | Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Yamanaka et al., 200781 | |
| Urothelial carcinoma | Tissues | NA | Increase 35% (38/108) |
NA | Aydin et al., 201582 | |
| GPC3 | Salivary gland tumors | Tissues | NA | Increase | Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Andisheh-Tadbir et al., 201983 |
| Glioblastoma | Tissues | NA | Increase | NA | Yu et al., 202085 | |
| Hepatoblastoma | Tissues | NA | Increase 100% (9/9) |
NA | Chan et al., 201389 | |
| Tissues | NA | Increase 60% (6/9) |
NA | Kinoshita et al., 201590 | ||
| Tissues | Increase | NA | NA | Toretsky et al., 200186 | ||
| Tissues | NA | Increase 100% (65/65) |
Cytoplasm | Zynger et al., 200888 | ||
| YST | Tissues | NA | Increase 91% (10/11) |
NA | Kinoshita et al., 201590 | |
| Tissues | NA | Increase 97% (31/32) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Esheba et al., 200891 | ||
| Tissues | NA | Increase 100% (24/24) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Zynger et al., 200692 | ||
| Tissues | NA | Increase 100% (33/33) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Zynger et al., 200893 | ||
| choriocarcinoma | Tissues | NA | Increase 100% (7/7) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Zynger et al., 200692 | |
| Wilms tumor | Tissues | Increase | NA | NA | Toretsky et al., 200186 | |
| Tissues | Increase | NA | NA | Saikali et al., 200094 | ||
| Tissues | Increase | Increase 77% (23/30) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Tretiakova et al., 201595 | ||
| RMS | Tissues | NA | Increase 23% (19/82) |
NA | Chan et al., 201389 | |
| Tissues | NA | Increase 25% (14/56) |
NA | Kinoshita et al., 201590 | ||
| Tissues | Increase | Increase 35% (74/213) |
Cell membrane and cytoplasm | Thway et al., 201197 | ||
| Mesothelioma | Cells, tissues | Decrease | NA | NA | Murthy et al., 2000100 | |
| Renal CCC | Cells, tissues | Decrease | NA | NA | Valsechi et al., 2014101 | |
| GPC4 | Pancreatic cancer | Tissues | NA | Increase | NA | Cao et al., 2018157 |
| Colorectal cancer | Tissues | NA | Increase | NA | Fang et al., 2019158 | |
| Drug-resistant ovarian cancer | Cells | Decrease | NA | NA | Varma et al., 2005161 | |
| Breast cancer | Cells | Decrease | Decrease | NA | Munir et al., 2020162 | |
| GPC5 | RMS | Tissues | Increase | NA | NA | Williamson et al., 2007170 |
| NSCLC | Cells, tissues | Increase | Increase 46% (58/127) |
Cell membrane | Li et al., 2013175 | |
| Cells, tissues | Decrease | Decrease | NA | Yang et al., 2013173 | ||
| Cells, tissues | Decrease | Decrease | NA | Yuan et al., 2016174 | ||
| GPC5 | Breast cancer | Tissues | Decrease | NA | NA | Zhang et al., 2011176 |
| Prostate cancer | Tissues | NA | Decrease | NA | Zhang et al., 2016177 | |
| Pancreatic cancer | Cells | NA | Decrease | NA | Yuan et al., 2018178 | |
| Glioma | Cells | NA | Decrease | NA | Hong et al., 2019180 | |
| GPC6 | Gastric cancer | Tissues | Increase | NA | NA | Dinccelik-Aslan et al., 2015186 |
| Ovarian cancer | Cells, tissues | Increase | Increase | NA | Karapetsas et al., 2015187 | |
| Melanoma | Cells | Increase | NA | NA | Li et al., 2019189 | |
| Drug-resistant ovarian cancer | Cells | Decrease | NA | NA | Januchowski et al., 2014190 | |
| Retinoblastoma | Tissues | Decrease | NA | NA | Lau et al., 2010191 | |
Abbreviations: GPC, glypican; CCC, clear cell carcinoma; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; LSCC, lung squamous cell carcinoma; NA, not available; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; OCCC, ovarian clear cell carcinoma; RMS, rhabdomyosarcoma; YST, yolk sac tumor.