Table 2. Fully Adjusted Multinomial Model Measuring the Association Between Factors Associated With Opioid Misuse and Type of New Opioid Prescription Between the 18-Month Periods Before and After CDC Guideline Publicationa.
| Factor | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Codeine vs tramadol | Hydrocodone vs tramadol | Oxycodone vs tramadol | |
| Patient cohort | |||
| Before guideline publication | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| After guideline publication | 0.97 (0.91-1.03) | 0.95 (0.91-0.98) | 0.86 (0.82-0.90) |
| Benzodiazepine coprescription | 0.99 (0.94-1.04) | 1.07 (1.04-1.10) | 1.19 (1.15-1.23) |
| Depression | 1.00 (0.95-1.05) | 1.09 (1.05-1.12) | 1.23 (1.18-1.27) |
| Anxiety disorders | 1.00 (0.95-1.06) | 1.07 (1.04-1.11) | 1.16 (1.11-1.20) |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence | 1.01 (0.92-1.12) | 0.89 (0.84-0.94) | 0.93 (0.87-0.99) |
| Drug abuse/dependence | 1.13 (1.03-1.23) | 0.99 (0.93-1.04) | 1.40 (1.32-1.49) |
| Nicotine dependence | 0.92 (0.88-0.95) | 1.20 (1.18-1.23) | 1.35 (1.31-1.38) |
Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; OR, odds ratio.
a
Adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, pain diagnoses, obesity, clinician type and US geographic region, and chronological time of first eligible opioid prescription (months since first possible new opioid date of September 14, 2014).